punished him, and wrote to the empress: An officer has taken sixty thousand roubles from the treasury of the army, but before your majesty shall receive this letter, the money will have been refunded into the military chest, out of my own property. It is but fair that I should be answerable for the officers which I employ." Souworow always delighted in retaining soldier-like manners. When saluting any one, he would stop, turn his toes out, stand erect, put back his shoulders, as on parade, and carry his right hand opened to the right side of his little helmet, as soldiers do, when saluting one of their commanders. When he wanted to shew a higher degree of consideration, he would stoop very low, with a tolerably ill-grace, without altering the position of his arms, or feet. His simplicity was not remarkable in his dress only; it was equally conspicuous in his food, in his lodgings, and generally, in all his habits. "The simplest apartment," says the author," was always the one he preferred; care was taken, consequently, to remove every costly article of furniture from the place he was to inhabit. He rarely slept in a house, when his army was encamped. His tent was dressed at head-quarters, in a corner of the garden; there he would stay the whole night, and the greater part of the day; and hardly ever did he enter the house where his staff was, but at the hour of dinner. His tent was that of a subaltern officer; never, during the whole of his military career, did he spend a whole night in a bed. A few bundles of hay, neatly spread on the ground, was his most sumptuous couch. Such was his 'usual bed, wherever he was lodged, even in the empress's palace. He had neither equipage nor horses, either for draught, or saddle; in short, he had no retinue. A single servant was employed on his personal attendance; for the momentary service of his house he used to engage as many soldiers, or Cossacks, as were wanting. His coach, which was a plain kibitk, was drawn by post (or impressed) horses. When going to command his troops, either in manœuvres, or in battle, he would ride the first horse he could find, sometimes that of a Cossack, but, generally, Tichinka, his aide-de-camp, would lend him one. Among Marshal Souworow's qualities, none was oftener conspicuous than his uniform and real good-nature. He never met with children without kissing them, and giving them his blessing. He was, all his life, an affectionate relative; a true friend; and a good father; he, however, considered it as the duty of a warrior to indulge the affections of the soul only in those moments, which could pot be employed in pursuit of glory; these principles were the invariable rule of his conduct; the following anecdote proves it: "He was going to join the army; not knowing when he should return: but he ardently wished to embrace his children. To satisfy at once his love of glory and the affec tions of his heart, he went out of his road; and without stopping, day or night, he ar rived post haste at the door of his residence in Moscow. The whole household was in bed. He precipitately alighted from his carriage; gave a gentle rap; was admitted; and made his way without noise to his children's cham ber. With a light in his hand he gently opened their curtains, contemplated with emotion those objects of his affections; be. stowed on them his blessings and his kisses; then closed again the curtains, went down, vaulted into his coach, and departed without having disturbed their repose." Souworow remained always proof against the seductions of love. He considered con nections with the sex as highly prejudicial tɔ military men; and as impairing their courage, their morals, and their health. When in some companies he was placed, in spite of himself, near ladies, he avoided in a very comical way casting his eyes on them, and above all touching them. When married, he felt only friendship for his wife. His notions of modesty, which he considered as one of the first of virtues, bore, above all othet things, the stamp of his oddity of mind. After passing part of the night with his wife, which, by-the-bye, happened but seldom, be would suddenly withdraw, to receive the usual affusion of sundry pails of water on ha naked body, as already related. The Marshal was remarkable, above al other things, by his unreserved frankness of speech; from his feelings on this subject, he could not, without being shocked, listen to those equivocal phrases, those ambiguous answers dictated by flattery, fear, or baseness; accordingly, any officer who unluckily swered him in that manner, was for ever lost in his opinion. He called those kinds of people, Niesnaiou, a Russian word, meaning I don't know: possiblý : perhaps. When he wanted to discover whether any individual possessed firmness of mind, be would take a delight in often putting to him, suddenly, and before every one, the most out-of-the-way questions. He thought bet little of those, who, through reserve or tim dity, could not answer him; and, on the contrary, he conceived a high esteem those whose repartees were sprightly, concise, and witty, "He," would he say, is put out of countenance by mere words, likely to be much more perplexed by an att expected attack from the enemy." Frequently too, he would intrust to his officers the day of writing his official accounts, His espe " wha 1129] Biographical Anecdotes of the late Marshal Souworow. and his friendship were the rewards of the After perusing the foregoing, no one will be surprised to learn that Souworow had a great antipathy to courtiers; he not only called them all niesnaiou, but he besides chose them as the constant butts of his sarcasms, which were the more bitter, as he topped at nothing, named every one, and had a very satirical turn of mind and of expression. He was often heard to speak openy, truths which neither the presence of the Sovereign, nor that of the parties interested, nor, in short, any consideration, could induce him to repress. This conduct, as might be expected, made him a great number of enemies at court, where he was detested. InBrigue and cabal followed him into the very midst of camps, struggling to deface his fame. Souworrow always shewed himself very strict on the score of subordination. The nost trifling fault of disobedience, was punished by a severe chastisement; marked with the usual oddity of his temper. He ad conceited the idea of setting himself up is a pattern of subordination to his army, and he thus proceeded to effect it, "He told Tichinka, to order him to eave the table whenever he should perceive hat through absence of mind, he continued ating beyond his usual appetite. He would hen turn towards him with a grave, and at he same time a comical look, and ask him: By what authority" By order from Marshal Souworow."" He must be obeyed," ould he say, laughing; and instantly leave e table. The same farce was acted, when is occupations kept him too long confined. ichinka then ordered him to go out; he ade the same question, his aide-de-camp Jade the same answer: and the Marshal ent immediately to take a walk. This old warrior was very pious; his first ire after rising, either at night or at dayreak, was to say his I for a long time in the evening, before goHe also prayers. prayg to bed. In common with all Russians, : had a great reliance on St. Nicholas. He tended divine service with much compore; singing the office along with the iest, and accompanying his singing with any jerks and contortions. During his ile at Novorogod, in his 70th year, Souorow, by a superstitious oddity, would wreak e indefatigable activity of his temper on e bells of his village, of which he got himelected parish-clerk. He alone, night Li130 and day, rung the peals for the different of fices; which he afterwards sung with the priest amidst the peasants. Every minister of worship he deemed to be entitled to his respects; often he would stop before a simple priest, or a pope, and always before a bishop to ask their blessing. After having received general, turn towards his officers, and im that of the officiating priests, he would, in for clergymen, he very well knew, however, part it to them. Notwithstanding his regard when necessary, how to make a distinction between the priest and the individual. In he perceived the clergyman of the place. one of his campaigns, arriving at a village, He immediately alighted from his horse, to ask his blessing; and a few moments after wards, on complaints made to him against that ecclesiastic, he ordered for him a bastinado of fifty stripes. Souworow was deeply learned in ancient Slawo Bogou, slawo bowan! Usu Tourtoukaya taken is, by me. guing his troops; but he had not, on those INSTINCT OF ANIMALS. To the Editor of the Literary Panorama. SIR-Knowing you to be the sincere and indefatigable friend of the animal creation, and of distressed animals in particular, 1 venture to solicit your insertion of the following observations and FACTS. ten thousand men, formed in a hollow square, filled that place. The cold was intense, a penetrating sleet fell from the icy heavens. In the middle of that square battalion, the Marshal, clad only in his white dimity jacket, began his usual harangue; he soon perceived that the inclemency of the season made his speech appear much too long; and hereupon he determined to make it last two hours. Every hearer returned to quarters benumbed Waiving the intricate question, whether with cold; and almost every soul, generals, brutes possess any principle that survives the officers, soldiers, and all, took cold. The dissolution of mere mechanism or matter, I marshal escaped the disorder, notwithstanding will briefly observe; that many of them are his dimity jacket. I seldom saw him so gay. endued with sentiments, implying much of Perpetual coughings echoed through his apart-internal feeling, and indeed in a preeminent ments; this pleased him highly. He enjoyed himself, in the idea that he had given his army the example of bidding defiance to fatigues, to winter and all its horrors." degree that they are as capable of suffer ings, or of enjoyments, and have percep tions as quick as our own, and in many instances not surpassed by the human. Some animals, in perut of sagacity and utility, in finitely exceed many of the defective, indolent, or immoral, of our species. The mas sy elephant, which never loses or damages any thing committed to his care; whic will stand on the edge of a river, take bun dles off his neck, lay them carefully in a boat, or wherever he is directed, and thea try with his trunk whether they are proper The shield is square, divided into five principal compartments: in the upper of which ly situated;-which, if he be loaded with is the imperial eagle, over its head a crown; and prevent their rolling the useful horse, casks, will go in quest of stones to prop them. in its right claw a sceptre, in its left a globe and the faithful dog, have each properties the field is or. In the compartment to the right, a plume of three feathers, with a kind which, when found in human beings, are di nified as honourable, and become the subject of broach marked K. The field purpure: of admiration and applause. Who ever wit a very broad bend, on which is a heart, sepanessed the infidelity of the dog? or who can rates this from three cannon mounted, on a field vert. In the compartment to the left, tax him with ingratitude? I could relate out of a cloud issue three forked lightnings many instances of the sagacity and faithful and strike a falling crescent: the field azure; ness of the canine species; which, though a band, inscribed RHYMNKI, separates really true, might exceed the belief of most this from two swords crossed, tied together of your readers; I shall therefore content by a wreath, on a field gules: the center is myself with the following:charged with a smaller shield, also square; in the right compartment of which is a coat of mail, and round it, the word BERHOCTI: the left compartment contains a sword crossed by an arrow, motto BABERVN. The main shield rests on two kettle drums (below) and two marshal's staffs (above). The supporters are two lions rampant: standing on a bracket; from which depend the ribbands and stars of all the orders obtained by this warrior; in number ten: the imperial eagle with two marshal's staffs crossed on its breast, forming a center. The whole of this is on a spreading mantle, gules, furred ermine; surmounted with a large coronet. The height of this seal is two inches and a quarter; the breadth is one inch and seven-eighths. Though we do not profess to have been in the habit of epistolary correspondence with Marshal Souworow, yet having an impression of his seal in our possession, we shall attempt to convey some idea of the composition comprized in it to our readers: in an English nobleman it would be deemed a singularity. It is not in our power to identify the different orders pendant from the front of this bracket: neither do we know whether they are arranged in any order of precedence; or in the order of donation. The late John Barlow, Esq. of Rhodes near Middleton, Lancashire, had a Newfoundland dog in his keeping, whic for many years was a domestic in the family the guardian of their property, and the con stant companion of his master. The general hour of Mr. B's return in the evening, known to Toss, who on some occasions was not permitted to accompany his master; y as soon as the clock had struck nine, anxious animal would no longer be confined, nor indulge himself on a warm hearth, but go in search of his master, and seldom fal to find and to conduct his charge back, or two miles on the road. On week days. nothing was so gratifying to this sensib brute, as a walk with seine of the family, particularly with Mr. Barlow; but, on Su days, Toss knew his place, as well as the day; no artifice or temptation could the induce him to leave the house ;-his business was to guard the premises in the absence he family; whether at home or abroad, by night or by day, the protection of Toss was considered as equal to a guard of armed men. Once, when Mrs. Barlow's maid was sent on an important errand, late in the evening, she was attacked by two brutal wretches, who might have accomplished their horrid purposes, had not Toss immediately seized one of the ruffians, and held him in extreme torture, till the other offered to desist from fifting the young woman, provided she would rescue his accomplice, by calling off the dog; which she did, and so, through the courage and fidelity of her canine friend, she escaped whatever wickedness the villains had concerted. ON THE CLIMATE OF RUSSIA. The extraordinary diversity of climate produces the greatest variety in the weather, in and in the occupation of the inhabitants. the seasons, in the productions of nature, When in one part of this immense empire spring commences, in another reigns the most bitter cold. Here the thirsty camel Heeting rein-deer bounds over the drifted paces through the parched desert, there the through the short and gloomy day, while snow. Here the Samajede in his cave sleeps yonder his fellow citizen, the Kirgise, pastures his flock under a sky constantly serene. This diversity of productions and habits of life affords advantages to the Russian empire, that no European state ca boast of; viz. the greatest abundance of all the necessaries, and of most of the elegancies, of life. The fondness and affection of this animal for his master, was almost unparalleled. If, in Mr. B's absence, any of the family would say, " Toss, your master is coming, he would immediately abandon even a delicious bone, in hopes to meet him; and if, at enjoy but a short summer, and the climate is The major part of the northern countries the time, he found himself cheated or decei- subject to great changes. Repeated observaved, he would growl, and shew by his looks that he was affronted. During Mr. Barlow's countries is colder than that of the western, tions prove, that the climate of more eastern last sickness, the faithful creature could not in the same latitude. In the morasses of the be prevailed on to quit the bed side; and northermost provinces the ice seldom melts when he saw the coffin, which contained the more than half an ell; and the field and garden remains of his beloved master, taken out of fruits, which are raised in the governments of the house to be put into the hearse, his Wiburg and Petersburg, do not ripen in Sibe grief was inconsolable: this he manifested ria though in the same latitude. There the by howling, and by every sign of real grief. winter generally lasts from eight to ten After this, Toss could never be so far decei- months, and the cold is so severe, that the red, as to be prevailed on to go and seek his master; and when told that he was coming, the whole the air is not unwholesome, yet in mercury is often frozen in the open air. Upon or desired to go and meet him, he would the northermost regions it is impregnated with gently move his head, and with a melancholy exhalations, owing to the forests and morassignificant look, silently reprove his deceíses, which are injurious to the natives, to vers. Toss never overcame this shock; the animals, and to agriculture. rest of his short and disconsolate life was spent in going the same rounds, in the neigh-fruits in those countries may be, yet valuable However great the scarcity of corn and bourhood, he had in happier days so frequent-productions are not wanting as a compensaly trod with his master; when, as it is sup- tion. The immense forests harbour not only posed, and (as I firmly believe,) grief put an and to his existence. an extraordinary number and variety of wild beasts, which are in great request for their fine-flavoured meat and rich skins, but furnish inexhaustible stores of timber and firewood, without which the country would not be habitable. The inhabitants of the waters constitute a very considerable branch of commerce. The bowels of the mountains afford all kinds of useful metals, and the plants and herbs that grow in the vallies supply the cattle with food. The latter part of our correspondent's letter contains, by way of contrast, such instances of more than Abyssinian cruelty, in our own country, the consequence of bull-baiting, that we are induced froin a sense of decorum to spare our readers the pain of perusing the horrid tale. We feel that such insensibility of heart degrades the character of our nation; it is truly degrading to human nature, also. The northern division of the middle reCould such truths be evinced before our Se-gions, likewise, has but short summers; yet Date, we are certain, that not one enlightened a greater heat in the long days ripens every member of that august body, could utter a thing more rapidly. But the winter in the word in behalf of a sport!!! which has mountains is always very rigid; and this given occasion to such unnatural, such fero- holds good in regard to the southern part of cious violions of the law divine and human. Asiatic Russia; on the contrary, the European Is it true, thas our magistrates have ade part enjoys only a short mild winter, and a quate powers on this unchristian subject ? warm pleasant summer. In the vicinity of Moscow the rivers are frozen about the end of November, and are open again in March, or at the beginning of April. Birch trees bloom in May, and shed their leaves in September. The air there is particularly fine, as that part of Russia lies high, and is in the highest state of cultivation owing to the equality of the temperature. Most of the productions, with which Russia supplies the rest of Europe, and partly other quarters of the globe, are furnished by the central provinces; and we may say without exaggeration that there are few of the necessaries of life, which those provinces do not produce in a greater or less degree, and often in superfluity. The southern regions have a short mild winter; in summer the heat is frequently very great, and in many parts there is a great deal of drought. Here and there, on account of the large saline steepes and morasses, the air is not very pure. This part yields certainly to most of the middle provinces in regard to exuberant fertility, but some of its productions might entitle it to the foremost rank. Not only the finest fruit-trees grow in the open air, but the vine flourishes wherever it meets with a congenial soil. There is a superfluity of herbs and roots, for medicinal purposes or for food; the natural fertility of the soil favors the breed of cattle; the waters furnish an inexhaustible store of well-flavored fish; and the mineral kingdom amply supplies some of the most essential ores. The heat is sotmetimes so great in Astrachan, that Fahrenheit's barometer rises to 1034; and so little rain falls, that every thing is burnt up without proper irrigation. To the most beautiful and fertile regions of the south belong the Caucasian territory, and the mountainous parts of the province of Taurid. In the neighbourhood of the Terek, and at the foot of the Caucasian mountains, grow the finest wheat, the choicest fruits, the vine wild and cultivated, mulberries, olives, figs, chesnuts, almonds, peaches, saffron, &c. The great superiority of births over deaths stated by Messrs. Van Humbolt and Bonpland Evide Observanda Externa.] induces us to pay some attention to the climate and other geographical peculiarities of this vast empire: we hope in time to be favoured with information as to the causes on which depend the still greater, and indeed, almost ineredible increase of lives, in the provinces of Mexico. We acknowledge, that the statement of the travellers referred to has greatly excited our cu riosity on the subject. On what causes depends the greater mildness of western districts, of the same latitudes as colder eastern countries? SIR ISAAC NEWTON. A REMARKABLE AND CURIOUS CONVERSAJ TION BETWEEN SIR ISAAC NEWTON AND MR. CONDUITT. [Copied verbatini from a paper preserved in Mr. Conduitt's hand-writing]. "I was on Sunday night, the 7th of March, 1724-5, at Kensington with Sir Isaac Newton, in his lodgings, just after he was come out of a fit of the gout, which he had had in both his feet, for the first time, in the eighty-third year of his age; he was Better after it, and his head clearer and me. mory stronger than I had known them for some time. He then repeated to me, by way of discourse, very distinctly, though rather in answer to my queries than in one continued narration, what he had often hinted to me before, viz. that it was his conjecturė (he would affirm nothing) that there was s sort of revolution in the heavenly bodies that the vapours and light emitted by the sun, which had their sediment as water, and other matter, had gathered themselves by degrees into a body, and attracted more matter from the planets; and at last made a secondary planet (viz. one of those that go round another planety, and then, by gathering to them and attracting more matter, became a primary planet; and then by increasing still, became a comet, which, after certain revolu tions, by coming nearer and nearer to the sun, had all its volatile parts condensed, and became a matter fit to recruit and replenish the sun (which must waste by the constant heat and light it emitted), as a faggot would this fire, if put into it (we were sitting by a wood fire), and that that would probably be the effect of the comet of 1680 sooner or later; for, by the observations made upon it, it appeared, before it came near the sun, with a tail only two or three degrees long, but by the heat it contracted in going so near the sun, it seemed to have a tail of thirty or forty degrees when it went from it; that be could not say when this comet would drop into the sun; it might perhaps have five or six revolutions more first; but, whenever it did, it would so much increase the heat of the sun, that this earth would be burnt, and the three phenomena, seen by Hipparchus, no animals in it could live. That he took Tycho Brahe, and Kepler's disciples, to have been of this kind, for he could not otherwis account for an extraordinary light as these were, appearing all at once among the fixed stars (all which he took to be suns enlightening other planets, as our sun does ours) as big at Mercury or Venus seems to us; and gradually diminishing for sixteen months, and then sinking into nothing. He seemed to doubt whether there were not intelligent |