the focket is broke, fo great a force is úfed in bruifing a tender and inflamed part? Can a power be worse applied, or could the inftrument be refted on a more improper place, than that immediately affected by the diforder, which made the operation neceflary? May not this too furnifh another occafion for the decay of the neighbouring teeth? Any thing contrived with an intention to remove thefe inconveniencies, will, I hope, be confidered at leaft as an useful and humane attempt. With this affurance, I offer the following inftrument to the public: if it answers my expectations, it will prevent a great deal of the pain and danger attending the operation of drawing teeth; and a little time will ftrongly recommend its ufe. Fig. 3. reprefents a forceps, much like that called the crow bill, only the claws are moveable: in this view the axis of one only can be fhewn, as at G. Fig. 4. reprefents an inftrument defigned for a fulcrum: A B is the handle, going off obliquely from B, for the great er convenience; BCD is covered underneath by a piece of foft buff; and E is a plate of iron standing at right angles with BDCE. By the forceps (fig. 3.) the tooth is caught faft in the claws BD; then the fulcrum BCD (fig. 4.) is placed upon the neighbouring teeth, in the manner hereafter directed; and by a proper mo tion of the lever A D, BC, the tooth is extracted. In confidering the action of this inftrument, let us for a while fuppofe the claws B and D (fig. 3.) immoveable, and in that fituation in which they catch a tooth; and fince the part A B moves directly in the fame manner with the part CD, whatever is faid of the motion of one, will apply equally to both. Let A BE (fig. 5.) represent A B of fig. 3. B is the fulcrum and centre of motion, E the immoveable claw, CD the plane of the teeth, and a b c the tooth to be drawn. When A moves in the direction AG, the points of the claw which hold the tooth, as d and g, must move in the circles de and gh but the tooth is required to be drawn in the ftraight line bo, and fince this cannot coincide with the motion of the inftrument, either the first hold must be loft, or the tooth forced ob liquely. But if the claw be moveable, as is mentioned above, it will always retain its firft hold, and the tooth will not be forced obliquely for the claw E (fig. 5.), by being moveable about the centre o, will always fall into the way of the tooth; and the centre o moves in the direction o k, whofe obliquity is fo imperceptible, that it may be confidered as a ftraight line, and a continuation of bo; that is, a continuation of the fame ftraight line which represents the way of the tooth. To prevent any friction of the claw B (fig. 3.) on its fupport, from affecting the motion required; the fupport is fo inclined, that the fame preffure which holds the tooth, tends likewife to throw the direction. claw into a proper In this inftrument, therefore, the whole power is spent immediately in drawing the tooth ftraight from its focket; the falcrum is placed on the neighbouring teeth, and ferves to keep them faft; the edge of the focket can never be broke*; the gums are not touched at all; all the teeth of either jaw can be drawn by the fame inftrument; the pain of the patient, and the danger of breaking hollow and carious teeth, are not near so great as in the above-mentioned method. Let me add likewife, by a little alteration in the claws, it is extremely well fitted for drawing fuch ftumps and decayed teeth, as the other cannot grip at all, fuch as are too firm for the common crowfbill, and would require to be dug out by the punch. But as this would require a particular description, and some directions, with regard to its use, I am obliged to pafs it over at present. To confirm all that is advanced above, I could recite a great number of experiments made on recently dead subjects; but this would be more tedious than ufeful, and it will, I hope, be fufficiently fatisfactory to mention the refult of them. 1. The key-instrument almost always breaks the external fide of the focket, and fometimes the internal fide likewise, unless the tooth has a very short root 2. Teeth that have very long roots, are almoft as hard to be drawn when loofe, as when firmly fixed in; efpecially if the part which is held by this inftrument inclines inwards. 3. The gums are always bruised by the heel of this inftrument, except in these cafes, viz. in drawing dentes incifore, which have not the flant in the infide fo great as usual, and in drawing the teeth • I mean in a natural cafe. of very old people. In the first, a great part of the tooth on the outside is naturally uncovered: in the other, the tooth is protruded in fome measure, as happens to children, and the gums fhrink down confiderably. 4. All thefe inconveniencies are remedied in the other inftrument, and every experiment made on the recent fubject, proves what was faid above. The fame things are confirmed likewife, by experiments on dried jaw-bones. Out of a dried human jaw-bone, I have often drawn all the teeth with my inftrument, and after having loosely fixed them in again, I tried them with the other, and found more force was neceflary to draw thefe loose teeth, than was used before when they were faft in; and in five out of fix, as near as I can reckon, more or lefs of the focket was broke, and frequently the tooth itself. It is obvious, then, that if this inftrument breaks the focket in drawing a loose tooth, the fame, at leaft, muft happen when the tooth is firmly fixed, and connected with the Beighbouring parts. What was faid concerning teeth that have short roots, and thofe of old people, is to be obServed here: we are likewife to beware of the decet which difingenuous people may use in fhewing this experiment. The key-inftrument is always held with the part H between the fore and middle fingers; the part AK is fhut up in the folding of the middle, ring, and little fingers; and the part KB is held between the fore finger and thumb. In this fituation, towards breaking and forcing a tooth outfidewife, as ufual, you have an advantage of about four to one, as menfioned above. If any force is ufed towards raiEng the end C, the breadth of your fore finger is the power, the infide and tendereft part of your middle finger is the fulcrum, and the tooth, not only fixed by its natural adhesions, but like wife preffed strongly against the fides of the facket, is the refiftance: what force then can be exerted in this way, when the power is as one, the refillance as five, and the fulcrum not capa ble of bearing any confiderable preflure? The force therefore which can be used towards railing the end C is fo inconfiderable, and bears fo (mall *proportion to that used in turning round the hand, that it fhould not be counted at all: the motion in the direction BA is the defign and properaction of this inftrument; and the other is, or never need be used, Hence, likewife, in trying the above-mentioned experiment, the lever AK, KB fhould be fairly turned round, and the part C fhould not be raised; otherwife the harp claw of any inftrument may catch fufficient hold to feratch out a loose tooth, if drawn directby, upwards. Notwithstanding all this, I am very certain that an unskilful manner of ufing the inftrument I offer, will give rife to many unfair objections, and efpecially amongst thofe that are previously biaffed in favour of the old ones. Thus it may be faid, That the preffure of the fulcrum may loosen the teeth on which it refts; that it may occañon pain; and that it is more difficult to manage than the keyinftrument. As to the first, If the preffure is cautioufly applied, parallel with the direc tion of the teeth, and inclined a little inwards, thereby forcing them more firmly into their fockets, and into the concave fide of the arch formed by the teeth, it can never loofen them; as I have found by experience: neither can it occafion pain; fince in cracking a hazel. nut, we ufe as great a preffure on one tooth, as is used here on three; not to mention the great weights which many can fuftain by their teeth, without any inconvenience; fuch as, raising a sack of wheat from the ground, carrying a chair 'or a large oak-table by the edge, in which cafes the weight is applied in a manner which the teeth can refift least that is, tending to drawing them to the convex fide of the arch, and against the outer and weakest side of the focket; and in railing a table, they bear many times the weight of it, on account of the lever with which the extreme parts act. That it requires more addrefs in ufing it, is very certain; and if this be an argument against it, by the fame way of reasoning be cut off with a hatchet, and not in the we may prove that legs and thighs thould present troublesome method. I fhall conclude this paper with a remark, which is particularly to be attended to in the ufe of this inftrument. It often happens, that there are very ftrong offeous adhesions between a tooth and its focket; and it happens as frequently, that the roots go off in various directions, which render it impoffible to draw the tooth, without breaking fome of thefe, or the edge of the focket. As we don't pretend to impoffibilities, every bad confequence cannot be prevented in fuch cafes, and the most we can ever hope for is to leffen them in When one or both of fome measure. thefe happened in the fame tooth, I found more force was required to draw it ftraight up, than would be expedient in the living fubject; but if the tooth was E 2 twisted 32 The manner of using the new instrument for drawing teeth. Vol. xxv. twifted a little outwards, at the fame time that it was drawn upwards, it yielded much more readily, and very little of the bad confequences above mentioned attended this method. I would always advife, then, after the firft effort in the ftraight direction, to ufe this turn; for it greatly facilitates the extraction in all cafes: and unless it is be gun too foon, or carried too far, never hurts the focket, except in the cafes lately mentioned, where either the focket or roots of the tooth must inevitably give way. If my being obliged to aim at too imuch concifenels, and the want of figures to reprefent the fubjects in different views, have rendered any paflages in this paper obfcure and unfatisfactory, I must beg leave to refer the reader to the inftruments themfelves. They are made by Mr Cargill, an eminent chirurgical inftrument-maker in Lombard-street, London Br. Mag. Nov. 1762. אן GENTLEMEN, the defcription of a new inftrument, publifhed fome time ago in this magazine, I was obliged, among feveral other things, to omit the manner of ufing it in all cafes; and I was the lefs folicitous about this deficiency, because I knew not what reception it might meet with from the pu blic; by whofe judgment I would always be determined, and not by my own. Having found, however, that the most eminent furgeons have been pleafed to pay a good deal of attention to what I offered; and as a great many gentlemen defire fome directions for its ufe in particular cafes, I fhall, in as few words as poffible, endeavour to remove every difficulty of this kind; and, firft, I fhall confider the most common and fimple cafes. 1. In drawing all teeth, the patient's head fhould be held by an afliftant, in the required pofition. 3. The forceps is always to be held in the right hand, and the fulcrum in the Jeft. 3. The tooth, after being firft freed from the gums, if the furgeon thinks it neceffary, is to be griped as low as poffible by the forceps; which is to be held gently and fteadily to prevent pain, and in that direction in which it is to act, until the fulcrum is placed under it in fuch a manner, as that the part which is FRYEFEd with leather, may be evenly or ver half the tooth next the offended on 2, 4 The furgeon then holding the tooth (vid. 2.) fufficiently faft to prevent flipping the hold, depreffès the bandle of the forceps in the direction of the tooth on which the fulcrum refts; and if he meets with confiderable resistance, he is to use the turn outwards which I recommended before, thereby adding in fome meafure the action of the key-inftrument to the ftraight and fafer effort already employed. 5 The tooth is never to be pinched harder than is neceffary to furnish a fafe gripe; for although the inftrument is made to afford a confiderable power, it is not intended that this power fhould be applied towards breaking a tooth, but towards drawing it; the force therefore that is neceflary here, as it cannot be expreffed, fhould be learned by experience on the dead subject. 6. In drawing all the teeth of the lower jaw, the patient is to fit before the light; and the furgeon (after observing the things mentioned in 1. 2 3. 4. 5.), ftanding on the left fide, may draw the fore teeth and thole of the right fide; and standing on the right, he may draw thofe of the left. 7. In drawing the teeth of the upper jaw, the patient is to lie upon his back; and the furgeon, ftanding at his head, and a little to the left fide, may draw (vid. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5) the teeth of the right, and vice verfa, as at 6. 8. The fore teeth of the upper jaw 9. Next, when teeth rife unequally 10. When the teeth grow in various be prevented, by cautiously forcing in the direction of the ill-fet teeth. 11. Numbers of people have either two perfect or imperfect rows of teeth in one jaw, and would willingly get rid of the innermoft fet, which generally are the fuperfluous and offenfive ones, provided aproper inftrument could be found. This, and only this, in all fuch cafes, may be fafely and conveniently ufed with the a. bore directions. 12. I faid, before, that the gums may be removed before we draw a tooth, if the furgeon pleafes: the practice is undoubtedly good in the ufual method of operating; but I cannot think that fuch a precaution is neceffary here; for in ofing this inftrument, I never found the gums to adhere to the tooth, although in the fame jaw it has frequently hap. pened to the key-inftrument. The reafon of this is, I believe, because this last always catches the gums between its heel and the tooth, and thereby prevents the adhesion from being broke, which otherwife would easily yield with lefs pain, than cutting muft neceffarily ocI cafion. Yours, &c. ་་་ མ་་་ Br. Mag. Jan. 1763, $IR, B. H. London, Fan. 1763. A$ nothing in this world is perfect, and even peace, the greatest of all bleff ings, is attended with fome inconveniencies, amongst which I reckon that torrent of verfe-mongers, and of lamentable poetry, which we must expect to be pefered with on the conclufion of the treaty now on the carpet; I fhould think that the republication of the edict iffued out by Mr Addifon, before the peace of Utrecht, would be very feasonable, at this juncture, Ham, &c. PHILOPREPON, The edict iffued, by virtue of that Spectatorial authority with which Addison was invested. Whereas the time of a general peace is, in all appearance, drawing near; being informed that there are feveral perfons who intend to fhow their talents on fo happy an occafion; and being willing, as much as in me lies, to prevent that effufion of nonfenfe which I have good caufe to apprehend; I do hereby rly require every perfon who fhall write on this fubject, to remember that he is a Chriftian, and not to facrifice his Fatechifim to his poetry, In order to it, I do expect of him, in the first place, to make his ovn poem, without depending upon Phoebus for any part of it, or calling out for aid upon I do any one of the Mules by name. likewife pofitively forbid the fending Mer cury with any particular meffage or difpatch relative to the peace; and hall by no means fuffer Minerva to take upon her the fhape of any plenipotentiary concerned in this great work. I do further declare, that I fhall not allow the Deftinies to have had any hand in the deaths of the feveral thousands who have been flain in the late war; being of opinion that all fuch deaths may be very well accounted for by the Chriftian fyftem of powder and ball; I do therefore ftrictly forbid the Fates to cut the thread of man's life upon any pretence whatsoever, unless it be for the fake of the rhyme, And whereas I have good reafon to fear that Neptune will have a good deal of bufinefs on his hands, in feveral poems which we may fuppofe, are now on the anvil, I do alfo prohibit his appearance, unless it be done in metaphor, fimile, or any very fhort allufion; and that even here he be not permitted to enter, but with great caution and circumfpection. I defire that the fame rule may be extended to his whole fraternity of Heathen gods; it being my defign to condemn every poem to the flames, in which Jupiter thunders or exercifes any other act of authority which does not belong to him: in fhort, I expect that no Pagan agent fhall be in troduced, or any fact related which a man cannot give credit to with a good confcience. Provided always, that nothing here in contained thall extend, or be con ftrued to extend, to the several female poets in this nation; who fhall be still left in full poffeflion of their gods and goddeffes, in the fame manner as if this paper had never been written. A receipt for making YEST, or BARM; which anfwers very well, and makes bread very light and good. [xx. 697.] TA Ake any quantity of thick grounds of ftrong beer or ale, which are not bitter or ftale; add to them a futficient quantity of wheat-flour, to make them thick, like bafty-pudding; ftir them, and turn them well about; and then fet them in a chimney-corner, or any warm place, for fome hours; and use it as fresh as you can, A. B. »Original Original letter from the younger Villiers "Duke of Buckingham, upon his deathbed, 4 I to the Rev. Dr WDEAR DOCTOR, Always looked upon you as a man of true virtue, and know you to be a per-, fon of found understanding: for however I may have acted in oppofition to the principles of religion, or the dictates of reafon, I can honeftly affure you I had always the highest veneration for both. The world and I may now flake hands, for I dare affirm we are heartily weary of one another. O Doctor, what a prodigal have I been of that most valuable of all poffeffions, Time! I have fquandered it away with a profufion unparallelled; and now that the enjoyment of a few days would be worth a hecatomb of worlds, I cannot flatter myself with a prospect of half a dozen hours. . How defpicable, my dear friend, is that man who never prays to his God but in the time of diftrefs!- -In what manner can he fupplicate that omnipotent being, in his affliction, with reverence, whom, in the tide of his profperity, he never remembered with dread? Don't brand me with infidelity, my dear Doctor, when I tell you I am almost afhamed to offer up my petitions at the throne of grace, or of imploring that divine mercy in the next world, which I have fo fcandaloufly abused in this!Shall ingratitude to man be looked upon as the blackeft of crimes, and not ingratitude to God? fhall an infult offered to the King be looked upon in the most offenfive fight, and yet no notice be taken when the King of kings is treated with indig nity and difrepeat! The companions of my former libertinifi would scarcely believe their eyes, my dear Doctor, were you to fhew them this epiftle. They would laugh at me as a dreaming enthusiast, or pity me as a timorous wretch, who was fhocked at the appearance of futurity. But whoever taughs at me for being right, or pities me for being fenfible of my errors, is more intitled to my compaffion than my refent ment,A future ftate may very well ftrike terror into any man who has not acted well in this life; and he must have an uncommon fhare of courage indeed, who does not fhrink at the prefence of his God. You fee, my dear Doctor, the apprehenfion of death will toon bring the moft profligate to a proper use of their under ftanding.-To what a fituation am I now reduced!-Is this odious little hut a fuitable lodging for a prince? or is this anxiety of my mind becoming the characteriftic of a Chriftian? From my rank and fortune I might have expected affluence to wait upon my life; from my religion and understanding, peace to fimile upon my end: inftead of which I am afflicted with poverty and haunted with remorfe; defpifed by my country, and, I fear, forfaken by my God!- There is nothing fo dangerous, my dear Doctor, as extraordinary abilities.I cannot be accufed of vanity now, by being fenfible I was once poffeffed of uncommon qualifications, more especially as I fincerely regret that I was ever bleffed with any at all.-My rank in life made thefe accomplishments ftill more confpicuous; and, fafcinated with the general applaufe which they procured, I never confidered about the proper means by which they fhould be difplayed: hence, to purchase a smile from a blockhead I defpifed, have I frequently treated the virtuous with difrefpect; and fported with the holy name of Heaven, to obtain a laugh from a parcel of fools who were intitled to nothing but my contempt. T Your men of wit, my dear Doctor, ge nerally look upon themselves as difcharged from the duties of religion, and confine the doctrines of the gospel to people of meaner understandings: it is a fort of derogation, in their opinion, to comply with the rules of Chriftianity; and they reckon that man poffeffed of a narrow genius, who ftudies to be good.- What a pity that the holy writings are not made the criterion of true judgment! or that any one thould pafs for a fine gentleman in this world, but he that feems folicitous" about his happiness in the next! My dear Doctor, I am forfaken by all' my acquaintance, utterly neglected by the friends of my bofom, and the dependents of my bounty: but no matter.. I am not now fit to converfe with the firft, and have no ability to ferve the latter: let me not be caft off wholly, however, by the good; favour me with a vifit, dear Doctor, as foon as poffible: writing to you gives me fome eafe, efpecially upon a fubject I could talk of forever.I am of opinion this is the last visit I fhall ever folicit from you.-My diftemper is powerful; come and pray the departing fpirit of the unhappy for [Royal Mag.] BUCKINGHAM. From |