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The use of a dry, palatable, nutritious food, called oil-cake, which could be carried into the field to sheep to help out a short crop, followed; and further studies proved the use of peas, and beans, and foreign pulse in giving lambs bone and muscle. It was found, too, by experiment, that warm feeding yards saved food; that, in short, the best way of getting stock into prime condition was to feed them well, to attend to their health, and never, from their earliest days, to allow them to get thin.

land hams, it will not be time wasted to explain | ter, saved six months in getting sheep ready for how it comes to pass that in every county of the the kitchen. kingdom there are to be found not only wealthy amateurs, but practical farmers, who devote their whole time to producing prime animals of pure blood, not always at a profit; and how the country gains from stock so plump, cubical, and unpicturesque; for it is not to be gainsaid that the wild cattle of the Roman Campagna or the Andalusian pastures are more suited to figure as models for the painter than under the knife of the carver. A Yorkshire farmer remarked, when shown the Toro Farnese, that "there could n't be many prime cuts sliced out of him." But before these discoveries had been made, By the exertions of only a few zealous agri- the breeds of English live-stock were in regular culturists, during the last hundred years, good course of improvement. No kind of food can meat has been placed within the reach of the make an ill-bred, ill-shaped beast fat in time to people at large. The roast beef of Old Eng- be profitable. Just as some men are more inland, which some fancy to have been the ordi-clined to get fat than others, so are some aninary fare of our ancestors in the days of Queen mals; and, by selecting individuals of proper Bess, was really and truly the tough and taste- shape with this tendency, certain breeds have less produce of lean, black, worn-out draught been stereotyped into a never-failing type: that oxen, or leathery old cows, and that only pro- type in an ox and sheep is one which presents curable fresh for four months in the year. Those the largest extent of prime meat and least who have travelled in the south of Europe or on amount of offal; or, as a South Down breeder the Rhine, have seen the greyhound-like pigs, expressed it a perfect sheep should be, as the lean, gaunt sheep, the angular and active nearly as possible, all legs and loins of mutton." cows unincumbered with sirloins and almost To make this improvement, required a cerdestitute of lungs, which pick up a miserable ex-tain talent, enthusiasm, and years of patience. istence on the roadsides. A hundred years ago, Breeders of pure stock, like mechanical invenwith a few rare exceptions, the ordinary breeds tors, do not, on an average, make money. On of live stock in Great Britain were just as lean, the contrary, for the pleasure of the pursuit and ill-shaped, and slow-growing. And to those who the hope of success, they expend large fortunes; inquire what we have gained by the enthusiasm while a few win great prizes. But the country with which noblemen and gentlemen have fol- gains enormously in result; for now, the same lowed cattle-breeding, it can be answered, that space of ground will feed more than twice the the ox, which used to be with difficulty fattened quantity of beef and mutton that it would fifty at six years old, is now presentible in superla- years ago. The animals not only come to mative condition upon the Christmas board at turity in half the time; but, fed partly in yards three years old. The sheep which formerly fed or stalls, they spoil less ground with treading, in summer and starved in winter, until five years and return to the soil highly concentrated and old, are now fit for the butcher in twenty months, productive manure. with a better and more even fleece. And the pig which formerly ran races until two years had passed, is now fit for the knife after eating and sleeping comfortably and cleanly as a gentleman should, for nine months only.

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The first man who made stock-breeding a fashionable pursuit and that is a great thing in a country where fashion rules too much was Robert Bakewell, of Dishley, in Leicestershire, the son and grandson of farmers; but, if This change has been brought about partly we mistake not, himself a barrister. by the improvement of our agriculture, a closer horned cattle he aimed at the cardinal improvestudy of the habits of animals, and an increased ments which are now universally established and supply of food placed within our reach by ex- admitted in this country where the growth of tended commerce, and a rational system of cus-meat-less than the dairy, as in Holland and toms duties; and partly by discoveries in the art Switzerland- is the principal object. He tried of breeding. Formerly our cattle and sheep to produce a large cylindrical body, small head, were entirely dependant on natural herbage for small neck, small extremities, and small bone. their food. In summer they grew fat, in winter He said that all was useless that was not beef; they starved and grew thin; having nothing to and sought, by choosing and pairing the best depend on but such hay as could be saved. The specimens, to make the shoulders comparatively first great step, therefore, towards the improve- small, and the hind quarters large, which is exment of cattle was the employment of the turnip actly the reverse of animals allowed to breed and other roots which could be stored in winter. freely, and to gallop at liberty over wide pasAn experienced farmer calculates that with tures. Even the cattle of Australia, bred from roots, oxen improve nearly one fourth more pure specimens, after running wild for a few than those fed on hay alone. The use of turnips generations, begin to lose the fine sirloins of enabled sheep to be fed where nothing but gorse their English ancestors, growing tough and or rushes grew before. Neal, the mechanic, stringy for the spit in proportion as they become stepped in with a chaff-cutter, prepared hay and active. straw to mix with roots, and, with a turnip cut

In sheep, Mr. Bakewell declared that his ob

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ject was mutton, not wool; and, disregarding and mutton bring us back to agricultural shows; mere size which is a vulgar test of merit, he which were established by James Duke of Bedchose animals which had that external form ford at Woburn, and by Mr. Coke, afterwards which is a sign of producing the most muscle Earl of Leicester, at Holkham. At these and fat, and the least bone; and, by careful se- sheepshearings" the great houses were thrown lection and breeding, he stamped a form on the open to agriculturists of all countries and counLeicester sheep which it retains to this day. ties. Stock were displayed, implements were The South Downs, doubtless an indigenous tried, prizes were distributed, and gentlemen of breed, feed on the bare pasture of the southern rank and fortune, of all opinions and politics, coast, produce a fine quality of meat, and a close threw themselves with enthusiasm into agriculshort wool. It was the turnip that rendered tural discussions, and enjoyed the excitement of feeding the South Down while young possible. hospitality, competition, and applause. For inThe great improvement began with John Ellman stance, in seventeen hundred and ninety-nine, of Glynde, near Lewes, in the year seventeen we find in the Gentleman's Magazine, in an achundred and eighty. He preserved the form of count of a Woburn sheepshearing, held on the the original breed, but corrected the too great twenty-first of June, names since become classiheight of the fore-quarters, widened the chest, cal in connection with pure breeds: Coke of made the back broader, the ribs more curved, Norfolk; Quartley, from Devonshire; Parsons, and the trunk more symmetrical and compact. from Somersetshire; Ellman, from Sussex; The ancestors of the present race were rarely worthy successors, in the cattle-breeding art, of killed until the third or fourth year. They are Bakewell, the brothers Collings, Tompkins, Lord now sent to execution at two years, and some- Somerville, and several others. "From one times even at fifteen months old. They have hundred to a hundred and ninety sat down to since spread far; superseding the breeds of Berk- dinner for five days successively. Premiums for shire, Hampshire, Wiltshire, crossing and alter- cattle, sheep, and ploughing were distributed, ing the Shropshire, extending into Dorsetshire, and his Grace let above seventy South Down Surrey, Norfolk, Devonshire, Herefordshire, Wales, and even toward Westmoreland and Cumberland, and have improved all the breeds of blackfaced heath sheep.

The crowning events in the history of beef

and new Leicester rams for one thousand pounds. The conversation was entirely agricultural, and the question was discussed whether the new Leicester or the South Down were the better breed of sheep."

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From the Dublin University Magazine.
BEYOND THE RIVER.

Time is a river deep and wide;
And while along its banks we stray,
We see our lov'd ones o'er its tide

Sail from our sight away, away.
Where are they sped-they who return
No more to glad our longing eyes?
They've passed from life's contracted bourne
To land unseen, unknown, that lies
Beyond the river.

"Tis hid from view; but we may guess
How beautiful that realm must be;
For gleamings of its lovliness,

In visions granted, oft we see,
The very clouds that o'er it throw
Their veil, unrais'd for mortal sight,
With gold and purple tintings glow,
Reflected from the glorious light
Beyond the river.

And gentle airs, so sweet, so calm,
Steal sometimes from that viewless sphere;
The mourner feels their breath of balm,

And soothed sorrow dries the tear.
And sometimes list'ning ear may gain
Entrancing sounds that hither floats;
The echo of a distant strain,

Of harps' and voices' blended notes,
Beyond the river.

There are our lov'd ones in their rest;

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SUBSTITUTE FOR RAGS.-We have seen some specimens of paper prepared for Mr. Andres, of Chambly, the discoverer, from "Life-Everlasting"-cudweed, which abounds in this district. There can be no more difficulty in preparing paper direct from vegetable substances than from rags prepared from vegetable substanees, and we especially direct the attention of paper makers to his discovery, which cannot fail to cheapen the cost of producing most excellent paper. The paper prepared from cudweed, is exceedingly tough, and beautifully smooth.-[Quebec Ob

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ers.

From the New York Courier. THE CHINESE IMMIGRATION AND EDUCATION IN JAMAICA.

ers is considered of sufficient importance to require the interposition of Governmental authority. It is certain that many advantages for Christianizing these people are given by The immigration of Chinese laborers is re- their being placed immediately within reach ceiving much attention in Jamaica, and the of a Christian community, and by their being people of that Island, alive to the importance of removed from the influences which are around increasing its laboring populution, and having them in their native land,-that of caste among suffered many evils from the mismanagement the Hindoos, and of friends and persecution of former immigrations,are watching with great in all heathen lands. The people of Jamaica interest the present experiment, and endea- have the power in their hands of doing much voring to turn their past experience to good not only for those who come among them, but account in obviating the evils likely to arise even for the civilization of Asiatic countries. from a large influx of ignorant foreign labor- For the Chinese always leave their homes with The agriculture of the island has long the intention of returning when they have suffered for want of laborers, and the recent gained some property; and thus they would departure of many laborers stimulated by the carry back the seeds of Christianity, and scathope of gold in California or the offer of high ter them over all that vast empire. Some wages on the Isthmus, has made the evil more interesting facts in regard to the Chinese are obvious. Many attempts have been made to given in the directions of the agent of immiintroduce laborers, both by bringing them from gration in China, for the treatment of those Europe, and by introducing into the island the who are brought to Jamaica. They are charnegroes captured in slavers. But no care was acterized as being eager to acquire money, taken to provide for them in the island. Low and to elevate themselves in the social scale. wages were given, no means of education were They are not servile, but all have an air of proved, and when the cis a es incident upon independence. They all intend, when leav acclimation spread among the deceived and unhappy immigrants, they were left alone and unaided to die, and the survivors became an evil, instead of a benefit to the island.

ing, to return at some future day, and are always anxious to communicate with home, and to send back some of their earnings. Hence, families never emigrate, nor women, In 1852, the Legislature of Jamaica passed except as slaves; and this is the greatest evil an act for the encouragement of Chinese im- attending immigration, and the greatest bar to migration, and creating a fund of £100,000, a permanent settlement. Yet it is hoped it the interest upon which was to be paid by an may be overcome by so treating them as to export duty on produce, to defray the ex- give them a favorable opinion of Jamaica. In penses of introducing the immigrants into the conclusion, he says that they are obedient and island. One cargo of laborers has already easily managed, as long as they are treated been introduced from China, and it is now well, and their peculiar habits not interfered contemplated to transport the Chinese labor- with; but when harshly used, they become ers on the Panama Railroad, who are repre- careless of their own lives and those of others. sented as being much dissatisfied with their In connection with the discussions on the situation, to the island. The cost of transport-education of the imported laborers, we notice ation from Panama is £6 per head; from a movement of the utmost importance to the China, £18. In view of the great number of island, and one which will be looked upon these people who will soon be brought into the with interest throughout the civilized world. island, the Jamaica papers are discussing the It is no less than a movement for the educameans of making them a permanent benefit to tion of the emancipated blacks,—the free peasthe island, not as supplying a present demand antry of Jamaica. And this movement posfor labor only, but as fixed, industrious, and sesses the more interest, that it is not merely educated inhabitants, reclaimed from their the work of the authorities and the educated ignorance and superstition, and fit to become people of the island, but is participated in by useful members of society. They protest the peasantry themselves, who propose to bear against their being considered merely of im- their share of the expenses which would be portance to make rum and sugar, and call upon necessary to carry out the scheme. Every the Government to provide means for their one knows the results which followed the education, and the people to devote some at- emancipation, and which might have been extention to civilizing and Christianizing them. pected from suddenly setting free an ignorant A festival of some 300 Hindoo coolies, who and degraded people, without providing any joined in celebrating the rites of some heathen means for their education, or, as the Kingston divinity, in their joy at the cessation of the Journal says, "when all that has been done cholera, is noticed, and the agents who have to improve them, has consisted in making the charge over them are blamed; and the neglect penal code more stringent, year after year." in the matter of instructing the heathen labor-But a great change has taken place, not only

in the readiness of the higher classes to pro- Better emigrate en masse to the backwoods of vide means of education, but in the willing- America, and leave their princes alone in their ness of the peasantry to receive it. A meet-unteachable folly. ing on this subject was held in the parish of But for this general apathy of the people, St. David's, at the instance of the peasantry affairs could not continue in their present pothemselves. A majority of those attending sition. Though opinion throughout Germany the meeting, and of the speakers, were of this is generally adverse to Russia, and favorable class, although the higher classes were well (in a much less degree, however) to the Anglorepresented, and several of the magistrates French alliance, it would be idle to resist the and clergy of the parish were present. After evidence on all sides that the German people several speeches on the importance of educa- itself has no great desire to take a part in the tion to the masses, and the great benefit which war. Hence it is that the princes, and above would have been derived from the adoption all the King of Prussia, are able to play the of some system of general education at the era part they do. The Germans, indeed, as of emancipation, resolutions were adopted de- heartily despise that prince as does the rest of claring the importance of general instruction, Europe; but their contempt of him does not and pledging the members of all classes to date from the rupture with Russia; it goes bear their share of the necessary expenses. back to 1848-9. They then thought him, and The papers think that this is the commence- treated him, as one of a family of heroes, and ment of a second emancipation, no less impor-offered him the crown of Germany. Alas! tant than the first, for the blacks of the West like Caliban, they discovered they had taken Indies. a drunkard for a god; and the vision haps the delusion of German unity disappeared. The king of Prussia, in those days, thrice humiliated Germany: once at Frankfort, then at Cassel, and then at Holstein; and from that bitter humiliation they have not yet recovered. They are oppressed with the sense of self-degradation; they feel there is no Germany; and unless for Germany the Germans cannot be roused. Here, undoubtedly, lies the principal secret of their present apathy; and of it the "spirited young Emperor," Prussia's unworthy king, and the selfish, stupid, minor princes, are all taking full advantage.

A full report of the meeting is given in the Kingston Morning Journal of September 5th.

From the Examiner, 23 Sept.

THE GERMANS AND THE WAR. DISTRUSTING the Emperer of Austria despising the King of Prussia hating, scorning, and laughing at the minor princes-offended at France and England-the Germans refuse to share in the war against Russia. The princes believe it to be for their interests to act this shabby part; and the thinking portion of the people will not raise their voices to prevent it, because they have no sentiment of national dignity. Even when they believed the young Emperor in earnest, they shrank from applauding him. "Austria is not, and never can become, or represent Germany; and Austria as well as Russia betrayed Germany at Frankfort." So expressed itself, at that moment, the feeling of the German people.

In spite of its intelligence, its learning, its thought, its activity, its riches, Germany is stultified. As "man does not live by bread alone," so a people does not become a nation either by education or industry. It is by free institutions, by free action, by free thought, by self-government, generating a common sentiment in which all sympathize, that a national heart is made to vibrate; and until the basis of a representative system be laid in Germany, either as a whole or in its separate parts, Germany will remain-notwithstanding all its enlightenment the stronghold of European despotism.

Forgetful of the great truth that it is not in the stars, but in themselves "that they are thus," the Germans wait for "the hour and the man.'

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But the Germans feel something more than this sense of self-degradation—this consciousness that neither they themselves, nor their then demigod, rose to the emergency of a crisis which they and he created. Besides the blush of shame which arises in almost every German face when you speak of their sad misuse of the opportunities of 1848-9, you have also to encounter resentment, not alone for the passive indifference of England to their patriotic struggles, but for the active part which England and France took in the affair of the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, which are threatening again to force themselves on the attention of Europe. That question had a far greater significance in Germany than it had out of it. With us it meant the preservation of the kingdom of Denmark; in Germany it was the symbol of the Unity. Germany for the Germans," was the idea it involved; and that established, a great point would have been gained. The loss or retention of the Duchies was then a pivot on which turned other and far greater questions: it was the touchstone of nationality.

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England and France may have been right or wrong in the policy they pursued that is a matter we have long ago discussed - but

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their policy deeply wounded the pride of Ger-lute monarchies as that of the Czar can be promany. The professors, the philosophers, the tected from humiliation or damage. students of Germany cursed the Western Powers in their hearts when the Duchies were annexed by an European act to Denmark; and even other, more sober and less excitable politicians, saw in the proceeding the hostility of France and England to German unity and nationality. The effects of this opinion the world is now feeling in the present indifference of Germany in the Anglo-French alliance.

This is, indeed, the simlpe truth. The German Courts believe that the existence of the brute power of Russia is the necessary condition of the continuance of despotical power in their own hands through the length and breadth of Germany, and the Czar has confidently depended upon their acting in strict conformity with this their leading interest. He will continue to depend on it, and may do so with perfect certainty. France and England, therefore, should in future depend upon it with no less confidence, and abandon at once the impossible attempt to obtain assistance or concurrence from the dastardly German Courts.

And yet if any one fact more than another has been suffered to guide not only the whole of our proceedings in diplomacy but every detail up to this date in our conduct of the war, it has been a reliance on that active adhesion of Germany which this feeling renders impossible. We have uniformly said what we now On the other hand, if proper means were repeat our statesmen, from the first, have used, it surely might not be impossible to reparaded it as a necessity that the interests of vive those noble throbbings in the now torpid Germany, her independence, her honor, her hearts of the German people, which, if they commercial prosperity and future well-being, did beat wildly and injudiciously, still beat would compel her to take the side against Rus- highly. Do they want "Germany for the Gersia; and, from the first, we have said that cir- mans?" Then let them allow Hungary to the cumstances had rendered those interests quite Hungarians, Turkey to the Turks, and Poland subordinate to others, and that these latter to the Poles; and applying ourselves at last to were too intimately bound up with Russia to the resolute design of reducing the barbarian admit of independent action against her. to subjection, let us, without heeding the ef It has been this consideration, neglected by fect which the success of any detail of it, such us, which has mainly guided the Czar. He as the destruction of Sebastopol or Cronstadt, had it in his mind when, in his communica- may produce at Vienna or Berlin, persevere tions with Sir Hamilton Seymour, he made till we have reduced the power of Russia to such small account of Austria and Prussia. such limits as may be compatible with the inIn other words, he knew himself sure of the terests of civilization and humanity. Surely class which possesses power in those countries. the great German people have but to be And the conviction of this fact, coupled with thoroughly disabused of the fear that we desire his perception that England and France were only to weaken the maritime position of Rusoverlooking it altogether, or very imperfectly sia and not to lessen her general pressure and appreciated its character and force, has influence on the continent, even yet to rally throughout emboldened him. We, on the to the French and English alliance, and nobly other hand, have been wasting time, and accomplish their own freedom in helping to abandoning precious opportunities, for the liberate the world.

sake of what is impracticable and impossible. This indeed is now so generally admitted that the miserable fact would not be worth the reiterated comment we have made upon it, if there were not still a future against which we have to provide.

We have lately had occasion, more than once, to congratulate the Times on its adoption of sounder views in regard to this all-important matter. It now remarks, in an excellent criticism on the shabby defence of its conduct which the Prussian Court has put forth :

From The Times, 29 Sept.

FEW EVENTS of this year, even though the leave greater occasion for true and permalist should include a brilliant victory, will nent satisfaction than the completion of what is termed the Reciprocity Treaty between this country and the United States. A copy of this document we publish elsewhere, and, though its terms and provisions may appear uninteresting enough to the general reader, it The simple truth is, that this Court is content is scarcely possible to overrate the promise of to forego the consideration not only of German so wise and politic a convention. In place of interests, but of European interests altogether, a source of discord and collision, we obtain a for the sake of preserving an alliance deemed essential to the stability of Absolutist principles in source of amity and good will; in place of Germany. The question at Berlin, is not how the temptations to strife, we acquire additional Czar can be brought to reason in the matter of securities for peace; and questions have at Turkey, but how a Government so useful to abso-length been advantageously settled which have

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