The Seats for aviator and two passengers are placed on the front of the lower plane. The Mounting, or apparatus upon which the machine starts and alights, consists of two long skids forming part of the framework, upon each of which is mounted a pair of wheels. When starting, this machine runs along the ground on its wheels, but when alighting, the wheels, which are attached to rubber springs, give way, and the machine lands on its skids. Weight, Speed, Loading and Aspect Ratio.— The total weight varies greatly with the amount of gasoline taken aboard, the number of passengers, etc. The limits within which this value lies, however, are given and all calculations are made for an approximate mean weight of the machine with aviator aboard ready for flight. The weight of the Farman machine is from 1,100 pounds to 1.350 pounds; the speed, 37 miles per hour; 24 pounds are lifted per horse-power and 2.8 pounds per square foot of surface. The aspect ratio is 5 to 1. -- Recent Alterations. Some of the more recent types of Farman machines are fitted with a single surface direction rudder, instead of the twin surfaces. The elevation rudder, in front, is made smaller, and in addition the rear end of the upper of the two fixed horizontal keels (at the rear of the machine) is made movable conjointly with the front rudder to control the elevation of the machine as already noted. In some of the machines only one surface is used at the rear. The two small wheels supporting the rear cell are replaced by a single skid. Other characteristics are substantially as given. The new racing type of Farman has the following characteristics: The surface is reduced to 350 square feet, and the spread to 28 feet. The total weight in flight is about 1.050 pounds. Twenty-one pounds are lifted per horse-power, and 3.0 pounds per square foot of surface. The aspect ratio is 4.2 to 1. References.-Aerophile, v. 17. p. 220, p. 488: Aeronautics, v. 4, p. 206; v. 5. p. 218: Flight, v. 1. p. 641; Flug Motor 8. THE "FARMAN MILITAIRE" BIPLANE (TYPE MICHELIN) Henri Farman on this machine established the world's record for duration of flight, when on December 18th, 1910, he flew continuously for almost eight hours and a half. This wonderfui HENRI FARMAN ON THE TYPE MICHELIN," WITH WHICH HE ESTABLISHED & DURATION RECORD OF Sh. AND 23m. ON DEC. 18, 1910, COVERING 288 MILES. Note the enclosed body and huge fuel tanks. achievement was really made possible by the great weight-lifting capacity of this type, enabling him to carry almost 450 The "type militaire" is pounds of fuel in an enormous tank. remarkable for its great size, the newly adopted inclosed body, the dihedral angle of the planes, and its three direction rudders. This type is very steady, slow, and capable of making trips that it would tax many an automobile to make, and that in fact few trains can accomplish. A slightly smaller type has attained great success. Weyman made his flight from Paris to Clermont, 420 kilometers, in seven hours, on a biplane of this type. Wynmalen made the round trip between Paris and Brussels with a passenger far quicker than the fastest express train, and in many ways with greater security. Height records, distance records, five-passenger-carrying records, and a great variety of special prizes have been made and won by this type and types similar to it. The slow speed does not at all indicate that the type is inefficient, but on the contrary, makes it far safer and far more serviceable, especially in military work, where hovering over one spot is of great importance. Almost unlimited are the possibilities of practical utilization in commerce, in war, and in recreation, of a type of this character, capable of flying from sunrise to sunset without ever touching terra firma. The Frame. The details of the framework and the general character of the main cell, outriggers, rear cell, etc., are similar to the other Farman types; steel tubing, however is more generally used. A new departure is the introduction of a covered central body, containing the seats, the tanks, etc., and shaped to a stream line form, very much as on the Maurice Farman. The outer panels of the upper plane are hinged and held in place by an inclined movable steel tube strut enabling these parts to be folded down when not in use. This disposition was first installed on the smaller Farman of Fischer. The Supporting Planes.-As on many of the Farman biplanes of 1910, the lower plane is made shorter than the upper. The spread on the upper plane is 4914 feet and that of the lower 36 feet. The total area is 540 square feet, which makes this the same size as the Cody. The entering edge of the upper plane is horizontal, but the trailing edge is curved up from the center, thus giving to the upper plane an incident angle which gradually decreases from the center to the ends. This is supposed to increase stability and lift. The entire lower surface is set at a dihedral angle which is rather large. The Control System.-The rudders and controlling system are the same as on the other type-a front elevation rudder com PLAN OF THE H. FARMAN "TYPE MICHELIN " Compare with the Wright Model R, drawn to the same scale. bined with the movable trailing flap on the upper surface of the rear cell, and ailerons on the outer ends of the upper main surface. Three direction rudders instead of two are installed. Scole in feat FRONT AND SIDE ELEVATION OF THE "TYPE MICHELIN " Some of the earlier "types militaires" were equipped with an aileron on each end of the lower panel and two above, making six in all. |