thickets from the retaliation of the neighbouring people, whose country they had devastated? Or, again, do we fancy," with Camden, that "by cutting off a syllable "it is derived from Arden, which word the Gauls and "Britons heretofore seemed to have used for a wood, "since two very great forests, the one in Gallia Belgica, "the other amongst us in Warwickshire, are called by one and the same name, Arden"? This latter suggestion Evelyn, in his 'Sylva,' accepts, in which he is supported by the fact that the name of "Dean" is first met with in William the Norman's survey.

Probably the earliest trace of this locality being inhabited exists in the Druidical rocks which are found on the high lands on the Gloucestershire side of the Wye. The chief of them is "the Buck Stone," so called perhaps from the deer which sheltered beneath it, or else from its fancied resemblance to that animal when viewed from certain distant spots. It is a huge mass of rock poised on the very crest of Staunton Hill, which being of a pyramidal form, and almost 1000 feet high, renders the stone on its summit visible in one direction as far as Ross, nine miles off. A careful examination of the structure of the rock, and particularly of the character of its base, will show that its position is natural. But that the Druids had appropriated it to sacrificial purposes, is evident from a rudely hollowed stone which lies adjacent. In shape "the Buck "Stone" is almost flat on the top, and four-sided, the north-east side measuring sixteen feet five inches, the north seventeen feet, the south-west nine feet, and the south side twelve feet. The face of the rock on which it rests slopes considerably, and the bearing point is only two feet across. This part may be an unbroken neck of rock, but apparently the entire block has crushed down upon its base, as though, from having once formed the extremity of the portion of cliff near, it had fallen away, and had accidentally balanced itself in its present position.* The texture of "the Buck

* It is absolutely certain that the stone may be made to oscillate: indeed one of the Hadnock woodmen states that when sufficient force

"Stone" is similar to that of the slab of rock on which it rests, commonly known as the old red sandstone conglomerate of quartz pebbles (a stratum of which extends through the whole district), exceedingly hard

in most of its veins, but very perishable in others; and hence perhaps the form and origin of this singular object.

In addition to the above, there is a large mass of gritstone, from nine to ten feet high, standing in a field on the north side of the road leading from Bream to St. Briavel's, named "the Long Stone." Another, called by the same name, and of similar character, occurs on the north-east side of the Staunton and Coleford road;

is applied to it, at the proper point, you can even hear the gravel grinding underneath.

but nothing remarkable is known of either of them, only their weather-worn appearance shows that they have been exposed to the action of the elements during many centuries.

Next in order of time to the above remains are the ancient Iron-mines, locally termed "Scowles," which were undoubtedly worked when this island was occupied by the Romans. This appears certain from the coins, &c., which have been found deeply buried in the heaps of iron cinders derived from the workings of these mines. A highly interesting MS. Dissertation, written about the year 1780 by Mr. Wyrrall, on the ancient iron-works of the Forest, a subject on which he was well informed, being a resident in the neighbourhood, is conclusive on this head. He states :-" Coins, fibulæ, and other things "known to be in use with that people (the Romans), "have been frequently found in the beds of cinders at

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certain places: this has occurred particularly at the "village of Whitchurch, between Ross and Monmouth, "where large stacks of cinders have been found, and "some of them so deep in the earth, eight or ten feet "under the surface, as to demonstrate without other "proof that they must have lain there for a great "number of ages. The present writer has had oppor

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tunities of seeing many of these coins and fibulæ, &c., "which have been picked up by the workmen in getting "the cinders at this place, in his time; but especially one coin of Trajan, which he remembers to be surprisingly perfect and fresh, considering the length of "time it must have been in the ground. Another "instance occurs to his recollection of a little image of "brass, about four inches long, which was then found "in the cinders at the same place, being a very elegant "female figure, in a dancing attitude, and evidently an antique by the drapery."

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Numerous additional traces of the same people have been discovered in this neighbourhood, viz., a Roman pavement, tesseræ, bricks, and tiles at Whitchurch,

* A corruption, apparently, of the British word "crowll," meaning "caves."

already mentioned; remains of Ariconium, a town, it seems, of blacksmiths, at Bollitree; a camp, bath, and tessellated pavement at Lydney; and coins to a large amount, indicative of considerable local prosperity, on the Coppet Woodhill, at Lydbrook, Perry Grove, and Crabtree Hill-of Philip, Gallienus, Victorinus, Claudius Gothicus, &c.

Crabtree Hill being situated near the centre of the Forest, renders the discovery of Roman antiquities there especially interesting. On 27th August, 1839, a man who was employed to raise some stone in Crabtree Hill, of which several heaps were lying on the surface, in turning over the stone found about twenty-five Roman coins. The next day, in another heap about fifty yards distant, he found a broken jar or urn of baked clay, and 400 or 500 coins lying by it, the coins being for the most part those of Claudius II., Gallienus, and Victorinus. The spot is rather high ground, but not a hill or commanding point, and there do not appear any traces of a camp near it. Some of the stones seemed burnt, as if the building had been destroyed by fire. There was no appearance of mortar, but the stones had evidently been used in building, and part of the foundation of a wall remained visible. A silver coin of Aurelius was likewise picked up.

Similar discoveries have been made in other places. At Seddlescombe, in Sussex, one of the earliest ironmaking localities in the kingdom, Mr. Wright, in his interesting work entitled 'Wanderings of an Antiquary,' mentions several Roman coins, especially one of the Emperor Diocletian, having been met with in a bed of iron cinders, manifestly of great antiquity, since four large oaks stood upon its surface.

An interval of a few hundred years brings us to the probable date of the next class of antiquities, viz. the military earthworks yet traceable in the neighbourhood. They are four in number, commencing with the lines of circumvallation which enclose the promontory of Beachley; next, the camp and entrenchments on the high lands of Tidenham Chase; then, a camp near the

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Bearse Common; and, as a termination to the chain, the triple dyke defending Symmond's Yat. Some have regarded these remains as forming the southern termination of Offa's Dyke, which that sovereign constructed about the year 760, to prevent the Welsh from invading his kingdom of Mercia; but they are not sufficiently uniform or continuous to warrant such a conclusion. They seem rather to be connected with the incident which the Chronicles of Florentius Vigorniensis relate as taking place A.D. 912-"The Pagan pirates, who nearly nineteen years before had retired from Britain, approaching by the province of Gaul, called Lydivinum, return with two leaders, Ohterus and Hroaldus, "to England, and, sailing round West Saxonia and "Cornubia, at length reach the mouth of the river "Sabrina (Severn), and, without delay, invade the "northern lands of the British, and, exploring all the "parts adjoining the bank of the river, pillage most "of them. Cymelgeac, a British bishop who occupied "the plains of Yrcenefeld (Archenfield), was likewise "taken; and they, not a little rejoicing, carry him off "to their ships, whom, not long after, King Edward "ransomed for forty pounds of silver. Soon after, the "whole force, leaving their ships, return to the aforesaid plains, and make their way for the sake of plunder; "but suddenly as many of the inhabitants as possible of "the adjoining towns of Hereford and Glevum (Glou"cester) assemble, and give them battle. Hroaldus, "the leader of the enemy, and his brother Ohterus, the "other leader, with a large part of the army, are "slain. The rest are put to flight, and driven by "the Christians into a certain fence (septum), where they are at length besieged, until they give hostages, so that as fast as possible they depart King Edward's "realm." Mr. Fryer, of Coleford, ingeniously supposes that Symmond's Rock was the scene of the above contest, which may possibly be correct.

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Edward the Confessor is stated in Domesday Book to have exempted the Forest of Dean from taxation, with the object apparently of preserving it from spoliation.