• Thoras. ƒ Scutellum, or efcutcheon. pice gerit caudæ, et ras fub pectore; adeo ut 10. Femur, the thigh. Tibia, or leg. q Tar- 12, 13, 14, 15, Reprefent the infe&t in its egg, c3- SCCP. III. Of the Sexes of INSECTS, THE fame difference of fex exifts in infects as in other animals, and they even appear more difpofed to increate their fpecies than other animais; many of them, when become perfect, feeming to be created for no other purpofe but to propagate their fpecies. Thus the fik-worm, when it arrives at its perfect or moth ftate, is incapable of eating, and can hardly fly: it endeavours only to propagate its fpecics; after which the male immediately dies, and the feniale as foon as the has depofited her eggs. The males and females of many infects are with difficulty diftinguithed. In fome genera, however, they differ fo widely, that an unikilful perfon might calily take the male and female of the fame infect for different fpecies; as, for instance, in the phalana humuli, piniaria, ruffula; each fex of which differs in-colour. This unlikend's is fill more apparent in fome infects, in which the male has wings and the female none; as in the cocus, lympyris, phalena antiqua, brumata, lichenella. And as most infects remain long in copulation, as we may fee in the tipula and filk work, the winged males fly with the winglets females, and carry them about from one place to another; as in the phalena antiqua. It is, however, no certain rule, that, when one infect of the fame fpccies is found to have wings, and the other to be without them, the former muft neceffarily be the male, and the latter the female. The aphides, for inftance, are an exception; and befides thefe, individuals of both fexes, and of the fame fpecies, are found without wings, as the carabi majores, tenebriones, meloes, cimices. The gryllus pedeftris is likewife deftitute of wings; and might have paffed for a gryllus in its pupa ftate, had it not been feen in copulation; for it is well known, that no infect cau propagate its fpecies till it arrives at its laft or perfect state. 66 Pleraque infectorum genitalia fua intra anum habent abfcondita, et penes folitarios, fed nonnulla penem habent bifidum: Cancri autem et Aranei geminos, quemadmodum nonnulla amphibia, et quod mirandum in loco alieno, ut Cancer, fub bafi caude. Araneus mas palpos habet clavatos, qui penes funt, juxta os utrinque unicum, quæ clave fexum nec fpeciem diftinguunt; et foemina valvas fuas habet in abdomine juxta pectus. Huic vero fi unquam vere dixeris, "Res plena timoris amor :" fi enim procus inaufpicato accefferit, foemina ipfum devorat; quod etiam fit, fi non ftatim fe retraxerit. Libellula fœmina genitale fuum fub a Befies the male and female, a third fex exifts in fome infects, called neut r. As thefe have not the distinguishing parts of either fex, they may be confidered as cuauchs or infertile. We know of no inftance of this kind in any other clafs of animals, nor in vegetables, except in the clafs Syngentia, and in the Opulus. This kind of fex is only found among thote incets which form themfelves into focie ies, as bees, wafps, and ants; and here thote kid of eunuchs are real flaves, as on them lies the whole business of the economy; while thote of the other fey are idle, only employing them felves in the increase of the family. Each family of Bees has one female only (called the queen), many males, and an almost innumerable quantity of neuters. See BEE, § I, 1-} The fame economy nearly takes place in Wafps, where the young females, which are impregnated in the autumn, live through the winter, and in the fpring propagate their fpecies; but the queen, together with all the males, perith in the winter. Sce VESPA. Among Ants, the neuters form a hill in the fhape of a cone, that the water may run of it, and place thofe which are in the pupa ftate on that fide of it which is leaft expofed to the heat of the fun. At a confiderable distance from there are found the habitations of the males and females, to whom the most ready obedience is yielded by the neuters, till a new offspring fucceeds, and then they oblige them to quit their habitations But thofe ants which live entirely under ground, provide better for themfclyes in this refpect for a little before their nuptials, they quit their habitation of their own accord, and after warming in the manner of bees, they copulate in the air; and each retiring to fome new habitation, founds a new family. See FORMICA, No hermaphrodites have as yet been discovered among infects. There is fomething very fingular, however, in the propagation of the aphides. A female aphis once impregnated, can produce yourg, which will continue to produce others without any fresh impregnation, even to the 5th or 6th progeny; after which a new impregnation must take place. See APHIS, § 2. The male infects, like male hawks, are always fmailer than the females. In the propagation of their fpecies they are remarkably careful; fo that it is with the greatest difficulty that flies are kept from depofiting their eggs on fresh meat, the cabbage butterly from laying them on cabbage, and other infects from depofiting them in the feveral places peculiar to each. The fearabæus pilularius and carnifex, merit attention, as they afford a mutuel affistance to each other: for when the female has laid her eggs in a little ball of dung, the males with their feet, which are axiform, aflift the female to roll it to fome fuitable place; as Ariftotle and Pliny former ly, and Loefling has lately, obferved. It is a fact equally fingular and furprising, that in the coccus and ouifcus, the female has no fooner brought forth her young, than fhe is devoured by it; and that the fphex fhould be able to kill the B 2 caterpillar caterpillar of a moth, then bury it in the earth, and there depofit her eggs in it. Nor can we without admiration behold the fame fpecies of aphis, which was viviparous in fummer, become oviparous in autumn. Almoft innumerable examples might be brought of the fingularities in the eggs of infects: we fhall, however, only mention thofe of the HEMEROBIUS, which are depofited on a footftalk; thofe of the PHALENA NEUSTRIA, which are placed regularly in a ring round the branch of fome tree; and the compound eggs of the BLATTA See thefe articles. SECT. IV. Of the METAMORPHOSES OF INSECTS. ALL infects, except thofe of the aptera order, are continually undergoing fome transformation. Infects change first from the (ovum) egg, into the (larva) caterpillar or maggot; then into the (pupa) chryfalis; and laftly into the (image) fly, or perfect tate. During each of thefe changes, their appearance differs as much as night and day. The infect, as foon as it came out of the egg, was by former entomologifts called eruca; but as this is fynonymous with the botanic name fifymbrium, it was changed by Linnæus for the term LARVA; a name expreffive of the infect's being, in this ftate, as it were masked, having its true appearance concealed. Under this mask or skin the entire infect, fuch as it afterwards appears when perfect, lies concealed, inveloped only in its tender wings, and putting on a foft and pulpy appearance; infomuch that Swammerdam was able to demonftrate the butterfly with its wings to exift in a caterpillar, though it bore but a faint refemblance to its future perfection. The infect, therefore, in this ftate, undergoes little other alteration but the change of its kin. The larva arc, for the most part, larger than the infect when perfect and are very voracious, The caterpillar of the cabbage butterfly eats double what it would feem to require from its fize; but its growth is not adequate to its voracity." are not capable of moving them; as in most of the hymenoptera. Semicompleta, in which they walk or run, but have only the rudiments of wings. Completa, in which they immediately obtain the perfect form of the infect, without undergoing any more change: as in thofe of the aptera clafs, except only the flea. The bed bug also belongs to this class. The spider undergoes frequent transformations, though only in the colour of its skin. The cruftaceous infects, as crabs, lobsters, &c. yearly caft impeded. The fcolopendri, when young, have their fhells, as their growth would otherwife be fewer feet than when they are full grown. All infects, as foon as they undergo the third change, are arrived at their full growth; nor do we find any difference in the fize of the fame fpecies of infect in the fame countries, unlefs, during its caterpillar ftate, it has not had a fufficiency of proper food. SECT. V. Of the ORDERS of INSECTS. THE clafs of INSECTS is divided by Linnæus into 7 orders. 1. The COLEOPTERA (from whos, a fheath, and go, a wing,) are fuch infects as have cruftaceous elytera or fhells, which fhut together, and form a longitudinal future down the back of the infect; as the beetle, BUPESTRIS IGNITA, Plate CXXXVII, fig. 16. 2. HEMIPTERA (from sur, half, and wav,) have their upper wings ufually half cruftaceous and half membranaceous, not divided by a longitudinal future, but incumbent upon each other; as the CIMEX, fig. 17. 3. LEPIDOPTERA (from as, a scale, and whg,) are infects having four wings, covered with fine fcales in the form of powder or meal; as in the butterfly, PAPILIO ANTIOPA, fig. 18. 4. NEUROPTERA from go, a nerve, and gov,) have four membranous transparent naked wings, generally like net-work; as in the PANORPA COa, fig. 19. PUPA. The infpect in this ftate was formerly called chryfalis or aurelia: but as the appearance of gilding is confined to a few butterflies only, the 5. HYMENOPTERA (from un, a membrane, and term of pupa has been adopted in its ftead; beg,) are infects with four membranous wings, caufe the lepidoptera, especially, refemble an in- tail furnished with a fting; as in the TENTHREDO, fant in fwaddling clothes; and in this ftate all, ex- fig. 20. cept thofe of the hemiptera clafs, take no nourish ment. IMAGO is the third ftate. This name is given by Linnæus to this third change, in which the infect appears in its proper fhape and colours; and as it undergoes no more transformations, it is called perfect. In this ftate it flies, is capable of propagating its fpecies, and receives true antennæ; which before, in most infects, were scarce apparent. As the shape of the PUPA is different in different claffes of infects, it affumes different names; thus it is called " Coarctata, when it is round, and as it were turned, without the least resemblance of the structure of the infect; as in the diptera. Obtecta, when it confifts as it were of two parts, one of which furrounds the head and thorax, and the other the abdomen. Incompleta, when they have wings and feet, but 6. DIPTERA (from duw, two, and gor,) are fuch as have only two wings, and poifers; as in the fly, MUSCA, fig. 21. 7. APTERA (from «, without, and,) infects having no wings. This laft divifion contains fcorpions, fpiders, crabs, lobsters, &c. See ARANEA, CANCER, &c. SECT. VI. Of the GENERA of INSECTS. To infert here the characters of all the different genera which may be found in Linnæus's Syflema Natura, is not neceffary, as they will be found in their order in the course of the work. We fhall therefore only mention fome new genera enumerated by subsequent systematic writers, that, by being acquainted with the fubtile diftinctions on which they are built, the ftudent may avoid running into confufion. It is among the moderns only that genera of this kind are to be met with, and new names given them. NEW NEW GENERA of authors SYNONYMOUS with thofe of LINNEUS. (The names of other authors are distinguished by Italics.-Lucanus, Platyceros-Hifter, Attelabus-Byrrhus, Anthrenus ciftela-Mylabris, Laria Scopoli-Attelabus, Clerus-Silpha, Peltis-Bruchus, Mylabris-Ptinus, Byrrhus-Chryfomela, Galericula-Hifpa, Crioseris-Cantharis, Cicindela Bupreftis, Cucujus-Carabus, Buprestis-Myrmeleon, Formica leo-Sirex, Uroceros. NEW GENERA of authors. Copris, Scarabæus abfque fcutello-Boftricius, Dermeftes capcinus-Ciftela, Byrrhus pilulaRhinomancer, Attelabus roftro producto fere curculionis—Antbribus, Silpha-Bruchus, Ptinus Für ob fpinas thoracis-Melolontha, Chryfometa cylindrica--Altica, Chrysomela faltatoria--Diaperis, Chryfomela lungorum-Pyrochra, Cantharis-Telephorus, Cantharis-Cantharis, Meloë alta-Cerocoma, Meloë Schæfferi-Notaxis, Meloë monoceros--Prionus, Cerambyx thoracis margine denticulato-Stenocoris, Leptura thorace fpinofa- Hydrophilus, Dytiscus antennis clavatis――Mylab is. Necydalis minor-Acridium, Gryllus muticus Locuta, Gryllus tettigonia-Tettigonia, Cicada Corixa. Notonecta-Naucoceris, Nepa--Perla, Hemerobius cauda bifecta-Libelluloides, Myrmeleon antennis capitatis-Crabro, Tenthredo antennis clavatis-Pterophorus, Phalana alucita-Bibio, Tipula thorace fpinofo-Stomoxoides, Afilus bucca inflata-Strationymus, Mufca--Nemotelus, Mufca -Volucella, Mufca. -- Thefe genera appear to be in a great measure like those which were introduced into botany by the followers of Rivinus. Paying too little regard to nature, they difunited natural genera, on account of the moft trifling diftinctions. This made their continuance in the science of very short du ration; our business here is not to fuppofe, but to examine, what mature will allow of, and what fhe will not. Knowledge of this kind, built on opi. nion only, will not ftand. We are therefore to look into the science with great accuracy; and the larva of the infect, its manner of changing, and other things of moment, are to be known, before we prefume to form a new genus. occafion little or no controverfy. They are current fects, fubjoined to thofe of their respective genera like money, and of the fame utility as the proper names of men. Infects living on vegetables fhould receive their names from the particular plants on which they moftly feed, as that method is preferable to all others. Thus the names of the coccus cacti, phalana mori, &c. are excellent; and when we are able to give such to infects, the old ones ought to be difcarded. But we must be cautious of not being too hafty in our judgment in this refpect; as infects, when they cannot get their fa vourite food will often eat other plants. Thus the filk worm, for want of mulberry leaves, will eat those of lettuce, though it will not be fo well nourished by them. Various other inftances of the invention of trivial names may be met with in the Syftema Naturæ, particularly among the butterflies and moths. To prevent confufion from the great number of species which conftitute the genus of phalana, they are diftributed into fections, and diftinguished by the terms of bombyces, no&ua, geometra, tortrices, pyralides, tinæa, and alucite. The bombyces, and noctuæ, which are so much alike, that the females of the bombyces are with great difficulty diftinguifhed from the noctuæ, are named promifcuoufly. All the geometræ have their names terminating in ariaa and ata, according as their antennæ are fetaceous or pectinated: The tortrices, in aria; the pyralides, in alis; the tinnæ, in ella; and the alucitæ, in dactyla: so that it is evident from the termination, to what fection the infect is to be referred. It were to be wifhed that fimilar inftitutions could be formed throughout the whole fcience, as here the name itself serves to distinguish the infect. Butterflies are divided into fections, by the names of Equites, Heliconii, Danai, Nymphales, and Plebeii. In the vaft multitude of butterflies, the greatest part of which are foreign and extra European, and to whofe food and manner of life we are utter ftrangers, it was impoffible to give fignificant trivial names. Linnæus, therefore, by way of fimile, has taken the names of the Equites from the Trojan hiftory, Thefe confift, as it were, of two troops or bodies; of which one contains the fable, and as is were mourning nobles, having red or bloody spots at the basis of their wings. Thefe receive names from the Trojan nobles; and as Priam was king of Troy, the moft fplendid among these bear his bame. The other body, ornamented with a variety of gay colours, are diftinguished by the names of the Grecian heroes; and as in both armies there were kings as well as officers of an inferior rank, thofe elegant butterflies, whofe hinder wings resembled tails, were diftinguifhed by fome royal name. Thus, when Paris is mentioned (knowing from history that he was a Trojan, and of royal blood), we find him among thofe of the first fection; i. e. thofe of a fable colour, spotted in the breaft with red, and having their hinder wings refembling tails. When Agamemnon is named, we remember him to be a noble Greek, and find him among thofe nobles The trivial names of the various fpecies of in- which have variegated and fwallow-tailed wings. Great confufion has arifen from the coining of new names, and changing of one old one for ano. ther. Thus, to reduce the cicindela and carabus to the fame genus, bupreflis has been adopted for the generic name; but as that genus had long ago received a very different application, it was changed for that of cucujus. Again, that the officinal cantharides might be ranged among the ceram byces, the cantharides have been removed from the genus of meloë (to which they naturally belong), and referred to the genus of cicindela, obtaining thus a new name. And fo of many others. Thus alfo, to mention no more, how needlefs and rash was it to feparate the acridium and locufia from the genus of gryllus, the crabro from that of tenthredo, and the mylabris from the necydalis! SECT. VII. Of the TRIVIAL NAMES of the various SPECIES of INSECTS. But But when Nereus is fpoken of, we readily know him to belong to the last section, having wings but no tails. The ad clafs, which contains the Heliconnii, derive their names from the Mutes, as Urania. The names of the fons and daughters of Danaus are beflowed on the 3d fection. And as thefe fpecies are fubdivided into two other fections, viz. the white and parti-coloured, the metaphor is fo conducted, that the white ones preferve the names of the daughters of Dinaus, and the parti-coloured ones thofe of the fons of Egyptus; so that it is evident from the name itself to what fection the butterfly is to be referred. The names of the 4th festion, Nymphales are taken from various nymphs of antiquity; and thofe of the 5th, Plebei, from different men among the ancients whofe names are worthy of remem. brance: fo that a knowledge of the ancients may thus ie interfperfed, and this agreeable fcience he made doubly pleafing. Thefe, therefore, who may find new lepidoptera, and give them new naines, will do well to follow this method, unlefs it be apparent what food the infect chiefly prefers for its fubfiftence. Of COLLECTING and PRESERVING INSECTS. THOSE Who would collect infects for the cabinct, ought to procure, if poflible, both male and female, and to retain none as fpecimens whofe wings or antennæ are injured: they fhould alfo note the time of the year when the infects are taken. A kind of forceps the extremities of which are covered with guaze, are generally used for colle&ting infects in their perfect itate; and the entomologift should alfo carry along with him, in his walks, an affortment of pins or various fizes, and a tin box lined with cork, of fuch a fize as he may judge convenient for the pocket, in which the inIts are to be fafely placed as they are caught. Before the lepidopterous infects are fixed in the box they thould be carefully killed by fqueczing the thorax, because their Bluttering would injure their wings. The most expeditious way of killing coleopterous infects is by immersing them in boiling water; and where this method can be folJowed they may be carried home in common pill boxes without the fmalleft injury. A few drops of fpirit of turpentine will kill the generality of infects; the lepidoptera and hymenoptera may be easily killed by flicking a pin dipt in aquafortis through thein. After the infects are killed, they fhould be transfixed with pit a, their wings, antennæ, and feet spread out and kept difplayed. Two fpecimens of fome of the lepidoptera ought to be preferved; the one with the wins difplayed, and the other as much as pofiible kept in their natural pofition. Another method of collecting infects is by breeding them from their larvæ and when this can be conveniently followed, much finer fpecimens may be procured. This is chielly practifed with the lepidopterous kinds. The caterpillars, when taken, must be fed on the leaves of the plant or tree on which they were found, placed in a box with fome moist earth at the bottom. Here they will turn into a chryfalis, either by going into the earth, by fpinning a web and encloting themfelves in it, or by changing into a pupa oblecta, accordWhen ing to the natural procelles of their kinds. they have continued in this ftate their appointed time, the per et infect comes forth, which must be killed before it has injured its wings by lying. Lepidopterous infects are fometimes alfo collected in their pupa itate, from under the projections of garden walls, pales, out-boules, fummer-houses, &c. or in the win -r months, from under the roots of the trees they feed on. Thofe collected or dug up in this ftate, fhould be put into a box with moit earth, and kept till th y perted themselves. To preferve the infects thus collected and prepared, they are to be placed in the cabinet, which may confit of boxes or drawers deep enough to hold a long pin, and lined on the bottom with cork, or with wax; the infects of each order in drawers by themielves; and the different genera clofe together. Each infect thould have its generic and trivial name written on a piece of paper, and fixed to the bottom by the fame pin which fupports the fpecimen. The boxes or drawers thould be made to thut quite clofe, fo that no duft or minyte infect may get in; fome entomologists cover them with glais: a little camphor in each drawer, is alfo of fervice. The best way of preferving infects of the aptera order, fuch as fpiders, Scolopendre, juli, &c. is in fome kind of fpirits. The onifci and caperi may be preferved in the fame manner as beetles. ENT ENTON, a town of England, in Surrey, SE. of Godalmin. ENTRACQUE, a town of Piedmont, on the Geffo; 5 miles SSE. of Demont. ENTRAIGUES, two towns of France: 1. ip the dept. of Aveiron; 18 miles N. e Rodez: 2. in the dept. of the Ifere, 20 miles SE. of Grenoble. *To ENTRAIL. v. a. intralciare, alian.] To mingle; to interweave; to diverfify. Över him, art striving to compare With nature, did an arbor green difpred, Framed of wanton ivy, flow'ring fair, Thro' which the fragrant eglantine did fpread, ENT His pricking arms entrail'd with rofes red. Fairy Queen. * ENTRAILS. . . without a fingular, [entrailles, Fr. riga.] 1. The inteftines; the inward parts; the guts.-The entrails are all without bones; fave that a bone is fometimes found in the heart of a ftag. Bacon. I tear that harden'd heart from out her breaft Which with her entrails makes my hungry Dryden. hounds a feaft. 2. The internal parts. -He had brought to light but Title of that treafure, that lay fo long hid in the Cark entrails of America. Locke. ENTRAINS |