They reached as high as 80 deg. north latitude, but, on account of an accident to Buchan's ship, were forced to return. In 1819, was in command of an Arctic expedition overland from Hudson Bay, and in 1825 was in command of a similar expedition, which was carried through with marked ability. Was knighted. in 1829, receiving honors from many parts of the world. Served in command on the Mediterranean, and in 1836-43, was made Governor of Tasmania, or Van Diemen's Land. In 1845, was placed in command of an Arctic expedition, to discover the northwest passage, being his fourth visit to that region. He was last seen by an American ship captain on July 26th, 1845, and his fate remained unknown up to McClintock's discovery, as above (1859).

HUMBOLDT, FREDERICK H. ALEXANDER, BARON VON. -Born in Berlin September 14th, 1769; died May 6th, 1859. One of the most celebrated men of his day. In the arts and sciences he was far advanced; a great leader in astronomy, finance, chemistry, natural philosophy, mineralogy, natural history and geography. He was in addition, one of the world's greatest travelers, making many journeys, overland and by sea. In Europe, including many thousands of miles of overland journeyings in Russia, in North and and South America, on both coasts; now in Brazil, again in Chili and Peru, surveying and marking out the sources of the Orinoco and Amazon rivers, or climbing the great peaks of Chimborazo and Pichincha. Always energetic, indomitable and untiring, his many intellectual attainments opened nature's secrets to him, which he read, as from a great book. Again in Mexico, and then in the United States, establishing the accepted theory of

the great volcanic fire-belt, marking out the earth's surface in isothermal lines, so as to compare the world's varying climatic conditions, nothing escaped his wonderful observing powers, or was misapplied or mislaid in the vast storehouse of his wonderful memory. Crowning his life with that great work "Kosmos," he died full of days, honored and regretted all over the world.

MAGELLAN, FERNANDO.-Born at Oporto, Portugal in 1470, and killed at Mactan, a small island in the Phillippine group, April 27th, 1521. He made several voyages from Portugal to India, and the islands of the Eastern Archipelago. On August 10th, 1519, an expedition from Spain sailed under command of Magellan, to reach the Spice Islands by a western route. It is supposed by many authorities that Magellan, in the course of his maritime career, had met with an old map of South America, delineating a route across its southern portion, of which he availed himself in his voyage. His first attempt was by way of the Rio Plata. Failing in this, he skirted the shore until the ocean cut-off was reached and passed, in the latter part of 1520, naming Tierra del Fuego, and from the smooth waters first met with on the great ocean-the Pacific. Sailing north, he crossed the line on February 13th, 1521, reaching the Ladrones and Phillippines in March of that year. His great desire

for the religious advancement of the natives at Mactan, where he insisted on baptising one of the chiefs and his followers, terminating in a quarrel, resulted in the death of Magellan. The remainder of the expedition, under Caraballo, sailed for the Spice Islands, touching at Borneo and other islands of the Archi

pelago; finally, making a station at one of the Molluccas. Here, one of the vessels, Victoria, was put in repair, provisioned and placed under command of Sebastian del Cano (Magellan's pilot), who continued the voyage, reaching Spain in 1522, after an absence of nearly three years. This is the first circumnavigation of the globe of which there is authentic record.

Kotzebue, OTTO VON.-Born in 1787, and died in 1846. First sailed with the Russian Admiral Krusenstern around the world. He made his second voyage in command in 1815, for explorations in the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. Many islands were visited, and some discoveries made, returning in 1818. In 1823 he again sailed in command, visiting many of the more important island groups in the Pacific and the Russian settlements in Kamptchatka, and returning to Cronstadt in 1826. This latter voyage was one of vast importance, many corrections being made in the latitudes and longitudes of places, as well as additions to the botanical knowledge of the world, with much that threw light on the history of people of the countries visited.

KRUSENSTERN, ADAM J.-Russian navigator and admiral. Born in Esthonia, November, 1770, and died at Revel, August 24th, 1846. Served as midshipman in the war with Sweden, and afterwards with the English fleet, visiting America, China and India; sailed in command for Russia in 1803, with a view to extend and create commerce with the Asiatic countries, particularly China and Japan, returning in 1806; he voyaged by way of Cape Horn, and returned by the Cape of Good Hope, this being the first Russian expedition to sail around the world.

PERRY, MATTHEW CALBRAITH.-Born in Kingston, R. I., in 1795, and died in New York in 1858. Served in U. S. Navy as midshipman as early as 1809; was under Commodores Rodgers and Decatur; was made captain in 1837, and in command of the squadron on the coast of Africa, and of the fleet in the Gulf of Mexico, during the Mexican war. In 1852 he sailed in command of the expedition to Japan, where he distinguished himself in accomplishing an important treaty with that country in 1854.

PIZARRO, FRANCISCO.-Born in Spain in 1471, and was killed in a quarrel at Lima, Peru, June 26th, 1541. Was conqueror of Peru and the founder of Lima; served with Ojeda, Balboa, and afterwards under Pedrarias, governor of Darien; he made several expeditions along the coast of South America, but with no important results, except the knowledge he gained of the wealth and fertility of Peru. It was not until 1531, under commission from Charles V. of Spain, when he sailed for Peru, that he finally succeeded in the conquest of that country. He had considerable ability as a soldier, and was skillful as a navigator, although his voyages and discoveries were few and unimportant. His first knowledge of Peru, with the conquest of the land of the Incas, are elaborately detailed, in history and biography.

LA PEROUSE, JEAN F. DE GALAUP.-A French navgator; born August 22d, 1741, in France; died (supposed) at the island of Vanikoro, one of the Santa Cruz group, South Pacific, in 1788 or 1789. Entered the French navy at an early age, serving with varying fortunes against the English, and subsequently in the

American War of Independence. Under Louis VI., he fitted out the two frigates, Astrolabe and Boussole, and sailed for the Pacific August 1st, 1785, by way of Cape Horn. He explored the North American coast, from Mount St. Elias, Alaska, as far south as Monterey, sailing thence for Asia. In 1787 he partially surveyed the channels among the Phillippines, the China Sea, Japan, to the Russian possessions in the north, sending his charts, journals and observations to France. In the latter part of the same year, he sailed for the South Sea, touching at Maouna, one of the Samoa Islands, losing the commander of the Astrolabe and many men in a conflict with the natives. From here he sailed for Botany Bay, Australia, where he forwarded an account of his voyages and discoveries to the French minister, also explaining and mapping out his intentions for the futuredated at Botany Bay, February 7th, 1788. This was the last communication ever received from the French admiral, his fate remaining a mystery to-day. In 1791 a French squadron, under Admiral D'Entrecasteaux, sailed in search of the missing navigator, but failed in making any discoveries. D'Urville, who was at Hobart Town in 1828, learned through information brought by an American ship captain, of the remains of wrecks existing at Vanikoro Island. His researches brought to light the fact that Perouse's vessels had been wrecked on the reefs, and those of his crew who had not been drowned or murdered by the inhabitants, succeeded in building a small vessel from the wreck, and sailed for parts unknown. The anchors and cannons found at Vanikoro, afterwards taken to France, fully attest the unfortunate ending of the noble admiral's voyage.