presbyterian seceders, Struthers was the only one in Edinburgh who was entitled to the praise of eloquence. I know no other person of the class who attracted people of good taste, not of his community, to his church, merely for the pleasure of hearing him preach. His last chapel was in College Street, but before it was built he preached in the Circus, a place of theatrical exhibition at the head of Leith Walk. It was strange to see the pit, boxes, and galleries, filled with devout worshippers, and to detect the edges of the scenes and other vestiges of the Saturday night, while a pulpit was brought forward to the front of the stage on which there stood a tall, pale, welldressed man, earnestly but gently alluring the audience to religion by elegant declamation. However, as my countrymen have no superstition about the stone and lime of the temple, it did very well. Struthers was not of any superior talent or learning, but as a pleasing and elegant preacher he was far above any presbyterian dissenter then in Edinburgh."]

[Samuel Smith, the son of a minister, was born at or near Dudley, co. Worcester, in 1588; studied at St. Mary Hall, Oxford; became Vicar of Prittlewell, Essex, and afterwards Perpetual Curate of Cressedge and Cound, Shropshire, whence he was ejected for nonconformity in 1662. Wood says he "was living an aged man near Dudley in 1663." He appears to have been one of the most popular writers in divinity in his day, as the fortyseventh edition of his Great Assize was published in 1757, and David's Repentance, first published we believe in 1618, is said by Calamy to have been printed forty times. Of the latter work there was a trick of trade played off upon the public about the year 1765 by a bookseller at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, who published another work with the same title and name as the thirty-first edition. Vide Wood's Athena by Bliss, iii. 656, and Calamy's Nonconformists' Memorial, edit. 1803, iii. 144.]

FORREST: WINDHAM. Commodore Arthur Forrest died in command of the fleet off Jamaica some time in the latter part of the last century. Can the date of his birth, marriage, and death be given?

Can it be ascertained when the Right Hon. William Windham, Secretary of State, was born, when he married, and when he died? A. R. F.

[Commodore Arthur Forrest died May 26, 1770, whilst commander in chief at Jamaica. The following lines on his death appeared in The Scots Magazine, xxxii. 388:

-:

"Is Forrest dead? Death, thou hast fell'd an oak
By a most cruel and untimely stroke;
But ere thou kill'st another brave as he,
Old Time shall make a heavy blow at thee."

His birth and marriage are not given in the account of his life in Charnock's Biographia Navalis, v. 380-383. The Rt. Hon. William Windham was born at Fellbrigge-hall, Norfolk, on the 3rd of May (old style), 1750. He married Cecilia, the third daughter of Commodore Arthur Forrest on July 10, 1798. Mr. Windham died on June 4, 1810, and was buried in the family vault at Fellbrigge. Prefixed to his Speeches in Parliament, 3 vols. 8vo, 1812, is some Account of his Life by Thomas Amyot, Esq. The biography of him in the Gent. Mag. vol. lxxx. pt. i. p. 588, was written by Edmund Malone, Esq.]

PRIVATE SOLDIER.-Can any of your numerous readers throw light upon the origin of the word soldier?" Is it from his having been the private "private" when applied to the phrase "private property of him who raised the regiment to which he belonged (and who were then termed retainers), in contradistinction from the soldier who was found by the state who would then be termed "public?" R. N.

the meaning of the word "private" as applied to Will you be kind enough to inform me what is G. W. BARRINGTON.

a soldier ?

Travellers' Club.

As to "the origin of the word 'private' when applied to the phrase 'private soldier," " we would suggest that it must be traced to the much earlier use of the same word as applied to civilians, "a private man or citizen," one not invested with public office or employment. So Blackstone: "A private person may arrest a felon."

The epithet being thus applicable in common parlanco to any civilian not holding office, has by a slight extension of meaning, been used to signify soldiers not possessing rank.]

SIR HENRY CAVERLEY.-MS. Addit. 10,410 is. described as Sir Henry Caverley's Remarks in his Travels begun Feb. 17, 1683, fol. imperf. Who was Sir. Henry Caverley?

S. Y. R.

[This imperfect MS. volume, formerly in Heber's collection, is by Sir Henry Calverley (frequently spelt Caverley), whose Common Place-Book of 1657-8 is now in the library of Sir Walter Calverley Trevelyan of Wallington, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Vide " N. & Q." 2nd S. viii. 198.]

death for notice, if the deceased lady was really buried elsewhere. With reference to G. P.'s final question, I can only say that the vicar knows of no tomb or grave that can be associated with Dame Mary Drake at St. Budeaux; and I can hear of none in St. Andrew's Church.

JOHN A. C. VINCENT.

POTHEEN.

(3rd S. iv. 188, 278, 399.)

In the epigram of the Emperor Julian, he proposes to alter the cognomen of Bacchus, Bpouids, to Bpouds, oats-and to encircle the brow of the jolly god with corn instead of the vine.

The cereal liquors of ancient times seem to have been of two descriptions: one of a partial fermentation, in which some vegetable bitter was infused, and the other similar to the modern

alcoholic spirit. See Eschylus, as quoted; Aristotle, De Ebrietate; Herodotus, lib. ii. sect. 77; Diodorus Siculus, lib. iv. c. 1; Pliny, lib. xiv. c. 22. The bitter ingredient used by the Egyp, tians was the lentil: "madida sociata lupino (Columella, x. 116). The two cereal liquors, in the manufacture of which Osiris was stated to have instructed the Egyptians, were termed zythum and curmi. The zythum or zitum, "quem nos cerevisiam vocamus," as Diodorus writes, was made "ex hordeo et herbis." Again, leaving southern climes for the colder north, Suidas alludes to the stronger tipple, wine made from barley; and Cæsar declares (De Bell. Gall.) that the Britons preferred cereal to grape wine. So also Tacitus, respecting the Allophyllian tribes; and Priscus mentions an intoxicating drink, used by the ancient Hungarians, termed camus; likewise Dioscorides, in the first century of our era, terms the liquor made from grain curmi-a word identical with the Egyptian term, and found also in the Welsh language. Paulus Orosius, and after him Isidorus, derive celia from calefacio, in allusion to the heat evolved by fermentation. This Ion Isaac Pontanus, in a subsequent age, flatly denies, claiming for his national beverage an origin anterior to the foundation of❘ Rome: that " gratissimus potus," termed oel, or ol, and by the Angli, äel (Daniæ Descriptio).

The Spurov of the Pæonians, alluded to by your correspondent (from Bpów, to bubble up,) was certainly a cereal liquor, and probably similar to the beon of the Danes (3rd S. iv. 229, 310, 382). The Celtic biop, a spring, has the same pronunciation; and the philologist may trace the identical word in the Hebrew and Arabic, as indicating a spring. The term is perhaps an imitative labial from the bubbling sound, and thus came to be applied to liquor presenting the same phenomenon in fermentation.

(1st S. i. 469; ii. 61; ix. 577; x. 236; 2nd S. v. 466.)

This very eccentric author, originally Robert Pedley, was the son of Simon Pedley of Bristol, and was born in that city. After being educated in the school there under Mr. Lee, he was admitted a pensioner of St. John's College, Cambridge, June 27, 1777, æt. 17, his father then being dead. He proceeded B.A. 1781, and was seventh wrangler and second chancellor's medallist.

In the following year he obtained the member's prize for a Latin essay, the subject being "Utrum ad emendandos magis, an corrumpendos, civium mores conferat Musica?"

On March 30, 1784, he was admitted a Fellow of St. John's, on the Lady Margaret's foundation, as a native of Gloucestershire, and in the same year commenced M.A.

He subsequently changed his name to Deverell, and was in 1802 elected M.P. for Saltash, being it seems a Whig, but an advocate for the slave trade. He died at New Norfolk Street, London, November 29, 1841, aged 82.

Sir Robert Heron (who was admitted a fellow commoner of St. John's in 1783) says:

"Sir Richard Heron consulted the present Lord Harrowby, who had just left Cambridge, for a tutor for me. He could not entirely recommend any, but, on the whole preferred Mr. Pedley, afterwards Deverel. He had some learning and much ignorance, but being a little mad, his strange ideas taught me to think for myself. We spent two summers together in France, Germany, and Holland." Notes by Sir Rob. Heron, Bart., 3rd edit. 291. Under the erroneous date of 1842, Sir Robert thus records his tutor's death:

"This year died my old tutor, Robert Deverel, formerly Pedley. He wrote works which decidedly proved insanity, and his conduct was also, sometimes, such as to admit of no other excuse; yet, he was the best tutor I could have had; for, with a private education, without companions of any ability, I was in need of his strange and active imagination to excite my reasoning faculties." Notes, 263, 264.

Sir Robert also states that Deverell was in some degree connected with the Beckfords, his brother having had the management of their estates in Jamaica, and having recently died, leaving behind him an estate of at least 10,000l. per annum, inherited by a niece.

This brother we take to have been James Pedley, who was elected M.P. for Hindon, 1802.

With regard to the alleged suppression of Deverell's Discoveries in Hieroglyphics, we have doubts, for the library of this University contains a copy marked "second Edition," and having the date 1816. C. H. & THOMPSON COOPER. Cambridge.

There was published by R. Janeway, in 1704, an 8vo, entitled "Divine Hymns and Poems on several Occasions, &c. By Philomela and several other ingenious persons;" with a dedication to Sir R. Blackmore, and Preface. This last extends to ten pages, in which the author supplements the attacks of Jeremy Collier upon the profane poets of the day; and, although without signature or initials, is by J. Bowden, upon the authority of that name in a contemporary hand being found subscribed to it in a copy of the book shown to me by a friend.* The lines quoted by your correspondent would seem to fit the Mr. Bowden of this Miscellany, whose acknowledged poetical contributions are a" Hymn to the Redeemer of the World," and a "Dialogue between a good Spirit and the Angels;" the first extending to thirtyfour stanzas, and the last occupying eleven pages, both often reprinted.

The Philomela of the title is of course Miss Singer, afterwards Mrs. Rowe, whom the bookseller may have considered the most attractive of his "ingenious persons" for that position, being a lady then in high repute, and characterised by Dunton as the Pindarick Lady, and the She-Wit of his Athenian Society. A. G.

The Rev. John Bowden, respecting whom your correspondent J. S. inquires, was pastor of a Presbyterian (now Independent) congregation at Frome from, I think, the year 1707 until his death, which took place in 1748. For the last seven years he had various assistants, I presume on account of age and declining health. Two compositions of his are now before me; one, Ar Exhortation to the Rev. Thomas Morgan at the close of his Ordination to the Ministerial Office, delivered at Frome, Sept. 16, 1716. The other, A Funeral Sermon on the Death of George I., preached June 18, 1727, and dedicated to Dr. Benjamin Avery. The Rev. Thomas Morgan just named subsequently adopted deistical sentiments, and gave to the world his Moral Philosophy.

If J. S. or any of your correspondents can tell

*Referring again to the book cited, I find I have not a full warranty for this; the Editor's initials only, J. B., being there written. This Collection of 1704, which went through several editions, is not to be confounded with Mrs. Rowe's independent Poems by Philomela, printed by Dunton in 1696.

LADY RERES (3rd S. iv. 395.)-There is an allusion to this lady in Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, vol. i. p. 142, ed. 1813. Speaking of the consort of the fourth Earl of Athol, who was a daughter of Lord Fleming, it is added,

"An opinion was generally prevalent that this Countess of Athol possessed the powers of incantation, and it is said that when Queen Mary lay in of James VI. she cast all the pains of childbirth on Lady Reres." Certainly a most convenient plan!

H. S.

THYNNE'S WILL (3rd S. iv. 365, 439.) -F. C. H. may be assured that I had no polemical animus in referring to Thynne's Protestantism, as evidenced, according to my judgment, by his will. I referred to it in a purely dispassionate spirit, as an historical (or biographical) fact, or at least as a fair presumption from the evidence. I am not convinced to the contrary by F. C. H.'s remarks. I am quite willing to believe that on all those important doctrines referred to, religious men in all communions think very much alike in the main, and therefore that William Thynne's will and epitaph might suit a good Catholic as well as a good Protestant. But the absence of reference to the Virgin and Saints, the prominence given to the doctrine of justification by faith, as well as the omission of all mention of an obit, taken together with what Francis Thynne records of his father in the Animadversions upon Speght's Chaucer, are to me very fair proofs that Thynne's mind was affected by those changes in religion that were inaugurated by Cranmer, and subsequently adopted by the Church of England. That Thynne commenced his epitaph in the ancient formeven if not as a mere formula-is no evidence in F. C. H.'s favour, because praying for the dead was one of the last of the ancient practices which the Reformers succeeded in abolishing, since it was without doubt one of the last which most people educated in the old religion, and seeking comfort under bereavement, would be likely to surrender.

HEDINGHAM REGISTERS (3rd S. iv. 430.) — A crisom, or more properly a chrysom, child, has been supposed to mean one who died unbaptized. Our old dictionaries agree in stating that this name was given in the bills of mortality to those children who died within a month from their birth; but they are not agreed as to whether it applied to those who had been, or had not been baptized. Bailey says that infants dying before Baptism were called chrysoms; but he prefaces this with a tale of an ancient custom of a cloth with some unguent being worn on the head by the child till it was deemed strong enough to endure baptism; and so derives the name from the child's dying before that cloth had been left off. This, however, is without any foundation; and must be a mere blundering about the Chrismale, or cloth laid on the child's head, after it has been anointed with holy Chrism in Baptism, which has always been In Dyche's practised in the Catholic church. Dictionary, we find that "such children as die in the month are called chrisoms;" but he gives a more valid reason, deriving the name from the cloth laid over the child's head, when it was baptized, which he properly calls the Chrismale. Johnson gives as the meaning of Chrisom, child that dies within a month after its birth," leaving the question of its baptism undecided, Now it seems most probable that the name, being evidently derived from the cloth called Chrisom or Chrismale, would have been applied to such children as had recently worn that cloth, rather than to such as died without having received it; and therefore that crisom children were those who died shortly after their baptism.

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L. A. M. also inquires, What is a "pepperal?" whose baptism is found is the same Register of Castle Hedingham. If that spelling is correct, the term is unintelligible. I can only suggest that it may have been intended for puerperal, meaning a child whose mother died in childbirth; or it may be perperil, a child baptized in immediate danger of death. These are mere conjectures, but the only ones which occur to

F. C. H.

I write this note not without a misgiving that I may have exceeded your rule as to subjects of controversy, but I trust that I have sufficiently indicated the spirit in which I write; and I can assure F. C. H. that I would not willingly put a word to paper which would be likely to give offence to any reader of " N. & Q.," much less to one whose contributions have so much interested and instructed me as his have done.