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these at the usual proportion of a fourth of the whole, the number of inhabitants would be 2,000,000, and the entire population of Gaul 8,000,000. By another calculation, which appears to us somewhat strained, he raises them to upwards of nine millions. But by neither of these do they amount to a third of the present inhabitants. Our author indeed contrives to quadruple these numbers, by supposing that in Gaul, as in the Grecian republics, there were a body of slaves three times greater in number than the freemen, and who did not serve in war. As this question is of importance, we shall examine it with some attention.

Cæsar divides the Gauls into Druids, Equites, and Plebes. The Plebes, he says, “are treated almost as slaves." The Equites, "when there is occasion, and any war occurs, are all employed in war." This expression, however, does not, to us, necessarily imply, that they alone were employed in war. It rather gives us the idea, that while, on a war breaking out, the whole of this body served in the army, only a draft was made from the inferior orders. The word Equites seems clearly to imply serving on horseback; but tho' cavalry formed the most esteemed part of the Gallic force, yet her infantry was numerous. When the Nervii are described as removing among marshes all who were unfit for war, there is mention only of women, children, and old men, not of slaves. When the Helvetic nation migrated in a body with their wives, children, and all their effects, to seek a more fruitful territory, it cannot be doubted that the Plebes would accompany them.Yet of the whole number of 368,000, which, by the bye, is remarkably small, one fourth, or 92,000, are stated as able to bear arms. This is the full proportion; there could not be more. If Orgetorix, by collecting his familia, could set the laws of his country at defiance, it cannot be doubted August 1809.

that these were men possessed of arms, and accustomed to the use of them. There appears to us therefore every reason to believe, that, in the enumeration of men whom each state could bring into the field, the whole nation, the Plebes not excepted, are included; though, unless in cases of extreme necessity, only a part were brought into the field. There will remain, therefore, as above, only 8 or 9 millions for the population of all Gaul, including France, the Netherlands, and Switzer land.

Our author candidly admits Britain to be a decided exception to his general doctrine. Here, however, he stops. He declines penetrating into the wilds of the Hercynian forest ; into Germany, Poland, and Scandinavia, those immense tracts, formerly almost desert, but now covered with people.

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From these data, it may now bẹ interesting to endeavour some opinion on the grand question respecting the comparative population of that part of the world to which our enquiry relates. The fact appears to be simply this; that all the south-eastern extremity of Europe, with all the countries of Asia and Africa, adjoining or opposite, were much more populous than now, when they are bowed beneath the united yoke of despotism and superstition. But the case is reversed with respect to the middle, and northern states of Europe. The question is, whether the increase in one part is sufficient to compensate for the decrease in another. Here it is to be remarked, that the countries anciently well cultivated were more fortunate in soil and climate than those which are so now. The former, therefore, would probably be more highly peopled than the latter. On the other hand, agriculture has been considerably improved since that time, and Turkey, Barbary, &c. however much decayed, are probably still more populous than were anciently Ger

many,

many, Britain, and Muscovy. Upon the whole, however, we incline to think that the balance may be somewhat in favour of the ancient world:

We cannot follow the author thro' the different reasons which he assigns for the greater populousness of antiquity, though the inquiry be conducted with ability, and though, in the course of it, he collects a number of curious facts. Upon the whole, however, we would recommend this work, along with that of Mr Hume, as not only illustrating the subject to which they directly relate, but as throwing great light on the manners and usages of antiquity. We can only afford to present as a specimen, the following details of Roman luxury:

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Apicius, after having spent in his kitchen 807,2911. and squandered immense grants and pensions, being at last

forced to look into his accounts for the first time, found he had a remainder of 80,7291. 3s. 4d. but thinking that too little, he poisoned himself for fear of starving.

Tigellius, a singer, spent in five days 80721. 185. 4d.

Alagabalus laid out on a supper

24,218. 155.

Caligula spent on a supper 80,7291. 3s. 4d.

Vitellius, in eating and drinking within the year, spent 7,265,6251. Nay, Tacitus saith, he spent the same sum in a few months.

Lucullus's establishment for each supper in the Apollo, was 1614l. 118. 8d. Vitellius ate four times a day; no supper, breakfast, or collation, under 32291. 35. 4d.

Pliny mentions a jack-ass for a stallion, bought for 32291. 35. 4d. And that in Celtiberia, a province of Spain, a sheass has brought colts to the value of 32291. 3s. 4d.

Varro speaks of an ass sold in his own time at Rome for 4841. 7s. 6d.

The price of a peacock was 11. 125.34d.

A flock of an hundred of them was sold at a much dearer rate, for 3221. 185. 4d. One of their eggs was worth 3s. 24d. Fine doves were sold the pair for 11. 125. 3 d. Others of a finer kind were much dearer. Varro relates, that Axius refused to give a pair of his under 12l.

18s. 4d. when the merchant offered him 81. is. 54d.

The Romans were more extravagant in the prices of fish than of fowl. Juvenal tells us of a mullus bought for 481. was paid for another the sum of 561. ros. 89. 9d. According to Macrobius, there 1d. For a third, according to Pliny, 641. 11s. 8d. which he reckons the more wonderful, the mullus being a fish that seldom exceeded two pound weight.

C. Hirtius sold his fish ponds for sell, but he lent 6000 lampreys for 32,291l. 13s. 4d. This man would not Cæsar's triumphal supper. Lucullus's fish, after his death, were sold for the same price of 32,2911. 138. 4d.

Peaches were at first sold for 74d. but afterwards they rose to 4s. rod. for sixpence a piece. Large asparagus was sometimes sold

The pound of wool, or cloth dyed a violet purple, cost 31. 10s. 11d. The Tyrian double dye could scarce be bought for 351. 9s. 1d. per pound.— wool in some cases cost 41. 10s. 5d. And the dying of one English pound of

Lollia Paulina, when dressed out in her jewels, wore about the value of 322,9161. 135. 48.

The triclinaria, quilts or carpets, were dear. One is said to have paid for such carpets 64581. 6s. 8d. Nero paid 32,2911. 13s. 4d. Some paid for one piece of linen 8072). 18s. 4d.

The vestes byssinæ were very dear: the weight of a pound averdupois of such cloths cost 491. 12s.

The price of such slaves as were well skilled in the finer arts was very high. Seneca relates, that Calvisius Labinus had many Anagnost slaves, or such as were learned and could read to their masters, and that none of them was purchased under 8071. 5s. 1od. According to Pliny, Daphnis, the grammarian, cost 5651. 1od. Roscius, the actor, could gain yearly 40361. 95. 2d. A morio, or fool, was sold for 1611. 9s. 2d.

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F. R.S. E. fellow of the royal college of surgeons, and one of the surgeons of the public dispensary of Edinburgh. Illustrated by eleven plates. Price 12s. boards.

THE object of the author in this work is to point out the difference between Fungus Hæmatodes and Cancer-diseases which have been generally confounded with one another by medical men. This is done by an accurate comparison of the diseases on dissection.The importance of being able to distinguish diseases from one another, can in no instance be greater than with regard to Cancer; for unless its character be accurately defined, it is impossible to expect any to discover sure and rational principles for its treatment.

Till of late, no distinction had been perceived between this disease and cancer. Mr Burns, of Glasgow, was the first who pointed them out as different. Several writers after him have made similar observations; but it is now only that the subject has been discussed in a separate treatise, and in a systematic manner.

Mr Wardrop takes a view of this disease, as it exhibits itself in various organs of the human body; he states, first, the external appearance which distinguishes it in each, and then the appearances on dissection. He then details the particulars of a number of cases which had occurred, either to himself or his friends; and finally, derives from them rules for the treatment of the malady in each particular part. He concludes the whole with a general comparison between the structure of cancer and Fungus Hamatodes.

It would ill suit the nature of this publication, to enter into a detailed examination of the nature and merits of this production. The following sketch, however, of the differences between the diseases, will be gene

rally intelligible, and will at once serve as a specimen of the style, and give the general reader some ideas on this novel and curious subject.

Fungus Hæmatodes presents, on dissec

tion, a very different series of phenome

na from the scirrhous tumor. When it dy, and has not yet acquired a consideappears in the external parts of the borable bulk, instead of being hard and unyielding, it is soft and elastic, and has an equal surface, giving, in most cases, more or less a sense of obscure fluctuation. Its form, when taken out of the cumscribed, having generally a distinct body, is determined and accurately circovering of condensed cellular membrane. In place of the hard fibrouslooking substance, the principal component part of scirrhous tumours, the morbid growth in fungus hæmatodes consists of a soft pulpy matter, which ed by acids and boiling in water. It mixes readily with water, and is hardenhas been also compared, by all who have attempted to describe it, to medul lary matter in colour and consistence. When the skin or covering of fungus gress of the disease, instead of the morhæmatodes has been eroded by the probid growth being destroyed by ulceration, a fungus arises from it, and the tumor seems only to increase more rapid. ly in bulk. If the fungus hæmatodes is not interrupted in its progress, both the original tumour and the fungus mass growing from it attain a larger size: and the fungus, instead of having

a firm texture, like that which sometimes arises from the cancerous ulcer, is a dark-red, or purple-coloured mass, of an irregular shape, and of a soft texture, is easily torn, and bleeds profusely when slightly injured.

of cancer, that it is nearly altogether It is a striking fact in the history confined to those advanced in life.There may be a few exceptions to this general observation, but the instances are extremely rare in which the true scirrhous structure has been met with in any of the parts already mentioned, in people below the age of twenty-five contrary, may be rather considered as or thirty. Fungus hæmatodes, on the a disease of early life. In twenty-four cases of it in the eye-ball, only four of

them

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New Works published in Edinburgh. NEW Theory of the Formation of Veins; with its application to the art of Working Mines. By Abraham Gottlob Werner, counsellor of the Mines of Saxony, professor of mineralogy, and of the art of working mines at Freyberg, &c. Translated from the German. To which is added, an Appendix, containing notes illustrative of the subject. By Charles Anderson, M. D. Fellow of the royal college of surgeons, member of the Wernerian natural history society, &c. One vo

lume octavo. 9s. boards.

General View of the agriculture of the county of Berwick; with observations on the means of its improvement. By Robert Kerr: F. R. and A. S. S. E. Farmer at Ayton, in Berwickshire. 8vo. 12s.

A Series of Discourses on the Principles of Religious Belief, as connected with human happiness and improvement. By the Rev. R. Morehead, A. M. of Baliol College, Oxford, Junior Minister of the Episcopal Chapel, Cowgate, Edinburgh. Second Edition.

8vo.

Price 9s. boards.

Sermons, by James Finlayson, D. D. F. R. S. E. To which is prefixed, a Memoir of the Life and Character of the Author. Second Edition. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

The Edinburgh Review, or Critical Journal, No 28. Fublished quarterly.

The Farmer's Magazine, a periodi

cal work, published quarterly, exclusively devoted to Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No 39.

Scottish Literary Intelligence.

THE

HE Genealogy of the Earls of Sutherland, from the orgin of that illustrious House to the year 1630, with the History of the Northern parts of Scotland during that period, by Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstoun, Ba

ronet, continued to the year 1651, by Gilbert Gordon of Sallagh, will specdily be published from the original MS. in the possession of the Marchioness of Stafford. It will be handsomely printed in folio. The public will here be presented not only with an accurate genealogical history of the ancient House of Sutherland, but also with a minute detail of the principal transactions which occurred during a period of nearly 600 years, particularly in the counties of Sutherland and Caithness, and the Highlands of Scotland in general. The history of these districts, it is believed, will receive more elucidation from this work than from any which the public is at present possessed of. The whole has been carefully transcribed by permission of the Marchioness of Stafford, from the original manuscript preserved at Dunrobin Castle.

The Right Honourable Sylvester (Douglas) Lord Glenbervie, will speedily present the public with the works of Gawin Douglas, Bishop of Dunkeld, with Historical and Critical Dissertations on his Life and Writings, Notes and a Glossary, in 4 vol. octavo, elegantly printed. The whole works of Gawin Douglas, consisting of his translation of Virgil's Aneid, the Palace of Honour, and King Hart, will then be, for the first time, collected into one edition. Two Dissertations, the one on the Family of Douglas, the

other

other on the Poet's Life and Writings, will be prefixed, and copious notes added. The text of Ruddiman's edition of the Eneid has been collated with the following five manuscripts: viz. two in the library of the University of Edinburgh, one in that of the Faculty of Advocates, a fourth in the possession of the Marquis of Bath at Longleet, and the fifth at Lambeth Palace. The excellent Glossary of Ruddiman is made the basis of that in the present work, but considerably enlarged, and, extended to the other poems.

Mr Cromek is receiving subscriptions for an Historical Portrait of Mr Walter Scott, from the admired Picture by Raeburn, which appeared at the last Exibition of Scottish paintings.

Proposals have been issued for publishing, by subscription, a translation of Buchanan's two Latin poems of the "Franciscan Friar," (a Satire on the Monks) and the Marriage Ode of Francis of France and Mary Queen of Scots.

It is proposed to publish by subscription, a translation, from the Italian into English blank verse, of Guarini's celebrated dramatic pastoral, entitled Pastor Fido.

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memoirs of Mr Cadogan being finished. It will contain portraits of Mr Cecil's three friends, and will appear in the autumn. A second volume will consist of Miscellanies; and will contain the different sermons and tracts which have been already separately printed, with a few pieces which have not yet appeared. A third volume will contain a selection

from a very considerable number of Sermons, taken down accurately in shorthand from Mr C.'s preaching, by a friend. The Miscellanies will probably be published about Christmas, and the Sermons in the spring.

Dr Clarke's expected Travels thro' Russia, the Territories of the Don Cossacks, Kuban Tartary, the Crimea, &c. &c. will be published without further delay.

A complete Collection of Voyages and Travels, from Columbus to the present time, will be published in twenty-eight volumes.

Mr Bentham has two works in the

press, one under the title of Elements of the art of Packing, as applied to Juries, and the other under the title of Perils of the Press.

Mr Cyrus Nedding has a volume of Poems in the press, which will make their appearance early this month, in a foolscap octavo size.

A new edition of Rowe's Doctrine of Fluxions, is in the press.

A second edition of Mr Davis's Key to Bonnycastle's Algebra, corrected to the last edition; and a fifth of the same

Literary Intelligence ENGLISH and gentleman's treatise on Land Surveying,

FOREIGN.

A New edition of Wood's Athena

Oxoniensis is in the press, with corrections, and considerable additions.

A Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Institution is nearly ready for publication; it is methodically arranged, with an alphebatical index, and will serve for an index to any library.

The Rev. Richard Cecil being disabled by his infirmities, has entrusted the publication of his works to his friend Mr Pratt. They will form three volumes octavo, each independent of the . others. One will contain the Memoirs of the Hon. and Rev. W. B. Cadogan, John Bacon, Esq. R. A. and the Rev. John Newton. This volume is considerably advanced in the press, the

are also in the press.

Mr J. Wilson, surgeon, late of Guy's Hospital, will speedily publish, Pharmacopeia Chirurgica, or Formulæ of the different Hospitals.

In a short time will be published in one volume, small folio, Cromwelliana, or Anecdotes from authentic documents, illustrative of the character of Oliver Cromwell and his family.

Translations of the Voyage of discovery to the South Seas, by order of Bonaparte of the journey to Pekin, of M. de Guignes, French Resident in China-and of the Travels in Turkey and Persia, by M. de Gardanne, brother of the French ambassador in the latter country, are in the press.

The Pulpit, or a Biographical and Literary Account of eminent popular Preach

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