---Gillespie's Hospital-Charity Work house-Merchant Maiden Hospital Trades Maiden Hospital--Orphan Hospital-Trinity Hospital-Asylum for the Blind-Magdalen Asylum-The Repository-Society for the Relief of Ministers Widows-Society for the Sons of the Clergy.

Public Amusements,-Theatre-MusicDancing-Corri's Rooms-Royal Aca. demy of Exercises-Royal Company of Archers-Company of Golfers. Progress and Present State of Manners. Markets, Fuel, and Water,-Fruit-Market-Green-Market-Veal-MarketPoultry Market--Butcher-Market

Fish-Market-Fuel-Water.
Micellaneous Observations.

History of Leith,-Description-Gram-
mar School-Bank.
Trade of Edinburgh and Leith.
Population.

Objects of Natural History in the immediate neighbourhood of Edinburgh -Animal Kingdom-Vegetable King. dom-Mineral Kingdom.

Description of the Romantie Scenery and Remarkable Objects in the Environs of the Scottish Metropolis-Castle Hill-Calton Hill-King's Park-St. Bernard's Well-Meadows-Hermitage of Braid -Craiginillar Castle-Duddingston House-Dalkeith House-Newbattle Abbey-Roslin Chapel-Roslin Castle -Hawthornden-Melville Castle Pennycuick House.

pro

The following sketch of the gress of printing is so very curious that notwithstanding its length, we cannot forbear extracting it.

Thirty-six years after that interesting trade had been brought to Westminster by Caxton, a printing press was established in Edinburgh. Scottish literature owes this establishment to the generous and brave monarch James IV. who patronized the erection of a print ing-press in the capital so early as the year 1507. The first printers were Walter Chepman, a merchant in Edinburgh, and Androw Myllar, a workman. The oldest specimen of Scottish printing hitherto discovered, is a collection of tracts, entitled "The Porteous of Nobilness," printed in 1508, about one year after the erection of the first press in Edinburgh, and thirty-seven years after the introduction of the art

into England. These tracts are pre served in the Advocates Library, Edinburgh. There must certainly, however, have been some works printed prior to this date, the press being established nearly a year before; but as it is probable that these books might consist of the lives of saints, legendary miracles, or of devotions then in esteem, they may have been lost at the Refor mation, either by being carried away by the priests who fled beyond sea, or destroyed by the blind zeal of the reforming party.

66

The next work discovered as being printed in Edinburgh is a Breviary of the church of Aberdeen, which was issued from the press in the following year. The second part of this breviary was printed in 1510, Oppido Edinburgensi impressa, jussu et impensis honorabilis viri Walteri Chapman, ejusdem oppidi mercatoris, quarto die mensis Julii, anno Domini millessimo cccce decimo." Both parts of this breviary are in the Advocates library, but want the title pages and some leaves in the middle.

From this period till the year 1536 no books have been discovered that were printed in Edinburgh. In that year, however, another printer made his appearance. The first of his performances which is known is Ballanden's translation of Hector Boece, which bears to have been "imprentet in Edenburgh be Thomas Davidson, dwelling forment the Fryere Wynde."This book is equal to any specimen of typography of that period.

In the year 1540 the Scottish parlia ment passed an act, ordaining the Lord Register to publish the acts of parlia ment made in the reign of king James V, and to employ what printer he pleased, provided that printer had the king's special licence for that purpose. Thomas Davidson accordingly obtained the king's licence to print these acts of parliament, and all other printers within the kingdom were discharged from printing the same for the space of six years; a proof that there were at that time different persons in Scotland who exercised that profession. These acts were accordingly printed in folio, on vellum, and in the old English or blackletter. Davidson, in consequence of tle licence he had obtained, seems to

have taken the title of "regii impressoris" or "prenter to the kingis nobyll grace;" and was probably the first in Scotland who enjoyed that privilege.

Robert Lekpreuik was the next printer of consequence who established himself in Edinburgh. To a book, entitled "The Confutation of the Abbote of Crosraguels Masse," &c. printed in 1562, is prefixed an epistle by "The Prenter to the Reader," in which he apoligizes for his want of Greek characters, which he was forced to have supplied by manuscript, that in case of any error the author might not suffer in his reputation.

Printers from this period rapidly in creased in number. In 1584 there seems to have been no less than six dif. ferent printers in the city, viz. Bassindane, Ross, Charteris, Mannenby, Arbuthnot, and Vautrollier. Bassindane was the first who printed a Bible in English, in 1576. It was the Genevan translation, and was dedicated to James VI. Mannenby, in 1578 was the first who used Greek types. "The Bible, for the use of Scotland, by the Commissioners of the Kirk," was printed by Alexander Arbuthnett, the king's printer, in 1579, "at the Kirk in the Field."

The university of Edinburgh having been founded in 1582, it was not long before it gave to the world its "Theses Philosophicæ." These were begun to be printed in 1596, and the earliest typographer to the college was Henry Charteris, the king's printer. The first theses were in large octavo. They assumed a quarto form in 1612; and before the 1641, their size was raised into a large folio. A collection of these may be seen in the library of the university.

Robert Waldegrave next established himself as one of the first printers in Edinburgh. The "lawes and actes of parliament, maid be king James the first, and his successours, the kinges of Scotland," collected by Skene, and pubJished in 1597, besides many other works, afford specimens of the typography of that period.

At the commencement of the seventeenth century, the printers of Edinburgh were generally booksellers, who, having acquired some wealth, could purchase a press, and employ artificers. Andrew Hart, who is justly praised by

Watson, the author of a history of printing, for his well printed Bible, was only a bookseller. Scotland was soon, after supplied with printers from England. But the demands for books exceeding their abilities to execute them, a great part of the Scottish literature, at this period, was printed in Holland and the Low Countries,

As printer to the university, one Fin. layson succeeded to Charteris. But at this time the privilege of printing to this body was perhaps not confined to any particular artist. James Lindsay in 1645, was the first who styled himself" Typographus Academia." The magistrates of Edinburgh, as patrons of the seminary, probably appointed him to this office; but what at that time were its profits or honours is not now known. Their next printer, Gideon Lithgow, in 1647, called himself" printer to the College." A regular appointment was made out by the magistrates, however, on the 10th of June 1663, in favour of Andrew Anderson, to be ordinar printer to the good town and college of the samen, in place of Gideon Lithgow, deceased, during pleasure; he serving als well and als easie in the price as otheris."

The printing continued, till the beginning of the eighteenth century, without making much progress in Edinburgh. The printers were in general illiterare, when compared with those in other countries of Europe at that time. Notwithstanding, however, that the art was practised by men who did not possess the erudition of which it is the herald, literature is indebted to their exertions for reforming the language, and settling, by silent practice, the orthography of the north.

The Revolution in 1688 paved the way for the extension and improvement of this art in the Scottish capital. But it was not 'till after the union of the kingdoms in 1707 that it made any great progress. In 1711, Robert Freebairn, James Watson, and John Basket, were appointed the royal printers in Scotland, and these were the first who in Edinburgh carried the art of printing to any degree of correctness and elegance. In 1715 a press was established in the city by the celebrated Ruddiman, whose learning and abilites entitle him

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to a place not the least inconsiderable, among the most celebrated typographers in any country. And in 1728, he was appointed, in conjunction with James Davidson, a bookseller, joint printer to the university of Edinburgh.

From this æra we may date the establishment of printing on an extended and respectable basis in Edinburgh. Since that time, the number of printingpresses has increased rapidly; and the art has likewise been improved. The progress of printing in Edinburgh will be be best seen from the following statement, which may be depended on as

21

30

.... 40

in 1805,. In the 40 printing-houses now in Edinburgh, are employed upwards of 120 printing-presses. The work exe cuted here is equal in elegance and correctness to any in Britain. A great part of it is done on account of the booksellers of London, and other places; and considerable quantities of books are printed for exportation to Ireland and America.

Before concluding our sketch of the progress of printing in Edinburgh, we cannot avoid mentioning what it owes to Mr James Ballantyne, who first introduced what may be called the splendid elegance of printing into the Scot. tish metropolis. By the taste and exertions of this gentleman, the productions of the Scottish press may vie [riv. al] in beauty, and perhaps surpass in elegance, the typographic specimens of any other country. P. 236.

A curious fact is stated, that in 1755, a review was undertaken by the late Dr Adam Smith, Drs Blair and Robertson, Sir William Pultney, and Mr Alexander Wedderburn, afterwards Earl of Rosslyn.

Only two numbers of the work, which was to have been published every six months, appeared; the first in January, and the second in July 1755, after which it was entirely discontinued. The known abilities of the contributors to this work, leave it to be regretted that it was not carried on farther; but the Review of Dr Johnson's Dictionary of the English

607

Language, and a letter addressed to the editors, containing some general observations on the state of literature in the different countries of Europe, will be still read with peculiar interest, when it is considered that they were the first literary essays which were published of the author of the "Wealth of Nations." P. 250.

The author, in considering the circumstances which have forwarded' the progress of literature, indignantly rejects the supposition, that it depends upon the of the rich patronage and powerful, and considers booksellers as the true and only patrons of genius. Without entering into discusany sion on this subject, we may join with him in congratulating Edinburgh on her increasing respectability in this particular, and on one house in particular, which, for activity and extent of business, is not perhaps surpassed by any in Britain.

The historical accounts of the Theatre, and of the progress of the fine arts, are particularly interesting. The article of Markets will be found well deserving the attention of the house-wife. For a great part of this, as well as for all the botanical and zoological department, the author states himself to have been indebted to Mr P. Neill, whose extensive knowledge of the sciences to which they relate, has rendered these articles particularly interesting.

On the subject of population Me Stark gives the following state

II.The Poetical Works of Sir David Lyndsay of the Mount, Lyon King at Arms under James V. A new edition, corrected and enlarged With a life of the Author; Prefatory Dissertations; and an appropriate Glossary. By George Chalmers, F. R.S. S.A. 3 vols. Crown 8vo. Il. 16s. Constable and Co. Edinburgh; Longman and Co. London.

(Continued from p. 529.)

TO enforce still farther his claim on his royal master, Lyndsay soon after produced his Complaynt. He represents himself as both grieved and ashamed, at never having got any reward for his services.

my freindis bene eschamit, And with my fais, I am defamit; Seand, that I am nocht regardit, Nor, with my brether, in court, wardit:

Blamand my sleuthfull negligence,
That seikis nocht sum recompence;
Quhen divers men dois me demand,
Quhy gettis thou nocht sum pece
land,

Als weill as uther men hes gottin:
Than, wis I to be deid, and rottin,
With sic extreme discomforting,
That I can mak na answering.

re

of

P. 253.

He gives also an interesting account of his own feelings, at seeing James prematurely brought forward to the head of public affairs.

I prayit, daylie, on my kne,
My young maister, that I micht se,
Of eild in his estait royall,
Havand power imperiall;
Than traistit I, without demand,
Bot, my asking, I gat over sone,
To be promovit, to sum land;
Because ane clips fell in the mone,
The quhilk all Scotland maid en steir;
Than did my purpose ryn arreir,
The quhilk war langsum till declair,
And als my hart is wounder sair,

Quhen I have in remembrance,
The suddand change, to my mischance.

The king was bot twelf yeiris of age,
Quhen new rewlaris came, in thair rage;
For common-weill makan na cair,
Bot for thair profyte singulair.

Imprudently, lyke witles fulis,
Thaytuke the young prince fra the sculis
Quhare he, under obedience,
Was leirnand vertew, and science,
And haistely pat in his hand,

The governance of all Scotland;

As quba wald, in ane stormie blast,
Quhen marinaris bene all agast,
Wald take ane chylde of tender age,
Throw danger of the seis rage,
Quhilk never had bene upon the sye,
And to his bidding all obey,
Gevyng hym haill the governall,
Of schip, merchand, and marinall.
For dreid of rokis, and foreland,
To put the ruther in his hand:
Without Goddis grace, is na refuge:
Gif thare be danger, ye may juge,
I geve thame to the devill of hell,
Quhilk first devysit that counsell;
I will nocht say, that it was treson,
Bot, I dar sweir, it was na resoun:
I pray God, lat me never se ring,
Into this realme, so young ane king.
P. 258.

The account of the arts employed in the King's seduction is curious, and throws great light on the mannets of the age, but is too long for insertion. At last, he comes to the grand object.

I wat thy grace will nocht misken me, Bot, thow will onther geve, or len me : Wald