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dicalar distance of its direction from the body on which it acts.

MOMENTALLY. ad. (from momentum, Lat.) For a moment (Browne).

MOMENTANEOUS. MO'MENTANY. a. (momentaneus, Lat. momentanie, French.) Lasting but a moment (Bacon).

MOʻMENTARY. a (from moment.) Lasting for a moment; done in a moment (Dryden).

MOMENTOUS. a. (from momentum, Latin.) Important; weighty; of consequence (Aldison).

MOMENTUM, in mechanics, signifies the same with impetus, or the quantity of motion in a moving body; which is always equal to the quantity of matter multiplied into the velocity; or, which is the same thing, it may be considered as a rectangle under the quantity of matter and velocity. See FORCE, QUANTITY OF MOTION, and DYNAMICS.

MOMOʻRDICA. Male balsam apple. In botany, a genus of the class monoccia, order triandria. Male: calyx five-cleft; coral fiveparted, filaments three; anthers cohering. Fem. calyx five-cleft; corol five-parted; styles three-cleft; pome opening elastically, three-celled. Eight species: the following are the chief.

1. M. balsamina. Common balsam apple. Froit angular, tubercled; leaves glabrous, deeply cut in a spreading palmate manner, trailing melon-like stem, sending out many side-branches with tendrils. A native of India, flowering in June and July. The Indians employ it as a vulnerary; for which purpose they cut open the unripe fruit, and infuse it in sweet oil, which they expose to the sun for some days till it acquires a red colour. The oil thus prepared is applied to wounds by being dropped on cotton, and is esteemed the best traumatic next to the balsam of Mecca.

2. M. charantia. Hairy momordica. Fruit angular, tubercled, white, yellow or green on the outside; within, very red and fleshy, onecelled, bursting elastically: a native of the East Indies; flowers in June and July.

3. M. luffa. Egyptian momordica. Fruit oblong, hairy, with chain-like angles, threecelled, with a white flaccid esculent pulp, of an insipid flavour. A native of Arabia and the East Indies: flowers in July and August.

Bill

genus of the class aves, order picæ. strong, slightly curved, serrate at the edges; nostrils feathered, tongue feathered; tail wedged, feet gressorial. One species only, M. Brasiliensis, Brasilian motmot, affording two varieties. The one is ornamented with a bright green above, below with a more obscure shade of the same colour: size that of a pie, or about seventeen inches from the tip of the bill to that of the tail: bill conic, bent a little downwards, and serrated upon the edges of both mandibles: toes three before and one behind; fore-toes closely united almost the whole length. The other variety differs more considerably in its colours. Both are distinguished from all other birds by having the two middle feathers of the tail quite naked of their vanes for about an inch, at a small distance from their extremity.

Some have imagined that this nakedness of the feathers of the tail of this bird was not the production of nature, but was owing to the caprice of the animal in tearing away the vanes from that part of the stalk which is seen bare. In the young of this genus, however, naturalists have observed that the vanes of these feathers are quite entire, and that, as they advance to their adult state, they gradually grow shorter and shorter, till at last, in dl age, they altogether disappear.

These birds inhabit South America: they are very difficult to tame, because they live upon insects, which cannot easily be procured suitable to their taste. They are extremely shy and timid when old; and, if then in captivity, invariably refuse all kinds of food. From their solitary habits, they never go in flocks, nor even in pairs; and are hardly ever seen but in the midst of large forests, where they hop among the lower branches, or upon the ground. They are almost altogether incapable of flight, and therefore generally build their nests upon the ground in the deserted holes of some of the smaller quadrupeds. The nest consists of a few withered blades of grass, on which they deposite their eggs to the number of two. These birds are described by Edwards under the name of Brasilian saw-billed rollers; and by Marcgrave in his Natural History of Brasil they are called guira-guninumbi.

MOMUS, the god of pleasantry among the ancients, son of Nox, according to Hesiod. 4. M. elaterium. Elastic inomordica. Offi- He was continually employed in satirizing the cinal elaterium. Fruit oblong, smooth, bristly: gods, and whatever they did was freely turned does not change its colour; but when ripe quits into ridicule. Vulcan, Minerva, Venus, &c. the peduncle, and casts out the seeds and juices all alike experienced the shafts of his censure with great violence. It is the dried juice of the and ridicule. Such liberal reflections, howfruit that forms the elaterium of the shops, ever, upon the gods were the cause that Moand is the most powerful cathartic in the whole mus was driven from heaven. He is generally materia medica. See ELATERIUM and Cu-represented raising a mask from his face, and

CUMIS AGRESTIS.

All these plants may be propagated by sowing the seeds in hot-beds in the same manner as cucumber-seeds; and they require the same attention as the cucumber plant afterwards. The first three sorts are ornamental stove plants; the last will thrive in open borders. MOMOTUS. Motmot. In zoology, a

holding a small figure in his hand.

MONA, an island between Britain and Hibernia, anciently inhabited by a number of Druids. It is supposed by some to be the modern island of Anglesey, and by others the island of Man.

MONA, an island of the Baltic Sea, south-west of the island of Zealand, subject

to Denmark. Lon. 12. 30 E. Lat. 55. 20 N.

MONA. See INCHCOLM. MO'NACHAL. a. (monacal, French.) Monastic; relating to monks, or conventual orders. MONACHISM. s. (monachisme, French.) The state of monks; the monastic life.

MONACO, a small but handsome and strong town of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, with a castle, citadel, and a good harbour. It is seated on a craggy rock, and has its own prince, under the protection of France. Lon. 7. 33 E. Lat. 43. 48 N.

MONAD. Mo'NADE. S. (Moves.) An indivisible thing. See LEIBNITZIAN PHILO

SOPHY.

MONADELPHIA. (Movos and adexpos, one brotherhood.) The name of the sixteenth class in the Linnéan system of botany. Comprehending those plants which have hermaphrodite flowers, with one set of united stamens. They form a natural class, entitled columniferæ. MONAGHAN, a county of Ireland, situated in the province of Ulster, is bounded by Tyrone on the north, Armagh on the east, Cavan and Louth on the south, and Fermanagh on the west. It is a boggy and mountainous tract, but in some places is well improved. It contains 170,090 Irish plantation acres, 24 parishes, five baronies, and one horough, and sends four members to parliament. It is about 30 miles long and 22 broad. The linen trade of this county is averaged at 104,000l. yearly.

MONAGHAN, a post, fair, and market town, and chief of the county of that name, is distant 62 miles from Dublin; it is a borough, and returns two members to parliament; patron lord Clermont. It gives title of baron to the family of Blayney, and has six fairs. It was anciently called Muinechan. An abbey was founded here in a very early age, of which Moelodius the son of Aodh was abbot. In 1462 a monastery for conventual Franciscans was erected on the site of this abbey, which was granted on the general suppression of monasteries to Edward Withe, and a castle has been since erected on the site by Edward lord Blayney.

MONAMY (P.), a good painter of seapieces, was born in Jersey; and certainly (says Mr. Walpole), from his circumstances, or the views of his family, he had little reason to expect the fame he afterwards acquired, having freceived his first rudiments of drawing from a sign and house painter on London-bridge. But when nature gives real talents, they break forth in the homeliest school. The shallow waves that rolled under his window taught young Monamy what his master could not teach him, and fitted him to imitate the turbulence of the ocean. In Painters' hall is a large piece by him, painted in 1726. He died at his house in Westininster the beginning of 1749.

MONANDRIA. (from Moves, alone, and Semes, a man or husband.) The name of the first class in the Linnéan system of botany, comprehending those plants which have only one stamen in a hermaphrodite flower.

MONARCH. s. (jóvaрxos.) 1. A governour invested with absolute authority; a king (Temple). 2. One superiour to the rest of the same kind. 3. President (Shakspeare).

MONA'RCHAL. a. (from monarch.) Suiting a monarch, regal; princely; imperial (Milton).

MONA'RCHICAL. a. (μóvægxxòs.) Vested in a single ruler (Brown).

To MONARCHISE. v. n. (from monarch.) To play the king (Shakspeare).

MONARCHY, a large state governed by one; or a state where the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a single person. The Word comes from the Greek Lovagns, one who governs alone; formed of μovos, solus, and agy", imperium, government." Of the three forms of government, viz. democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy, the last is the most powerful, all the sinews of government being knit together, and united in the hand of the prince; but then there is imminent danger of his employing that strength to improvident or oppressive purposes. As a democracy is the best calculated to direct the end of a law, and an aristocracy to invent the means by which that end shall be obtained, a monarchy is most fit for carrying those means into execution.

The most ancient monarchy was that of the Assyrians, which was founded soon after the deluge. We usually reckon four grand or universal monarchies; the Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, and Roman; though St. Augustine makes them but two, viz. those of Babylon and Rome. Belus is placed at the head of the series of Assyrian kings who reigned at Babylon, and is by profane authors esteemed the founder of it, and by some the same whom the scriptures call Nimrod. The principal Assyrian kings after Belus were, Ninus, who built Nineveh, and removed the seat of empire to it; Semiramis, who, disguising her sex, took possession of the kingdom instead of her son, and was killed, and succeeded by her son Ninyas; and Sardanapalus, the last of the Assyrian monarchs, and more effeminate than a woman. After his death the Assyrian empire was split into three separate kingdoms, viz. the Median, Assyrian, and Babylonian. The first king of the Median kingdom was Arbaces; and this kingdom lasted till the time of Astyages, who was subdued and divested of his kingdom by Cyrus.

In the time of Cyrus there arose a new and second monarchy called the Persian, which stood upwards of 200 years from Cyrus, whose reign began A. M. 3468, to Darius Codomannus, who was conquered by Alexander, and the empire translated to the Greeks A. M. 3674. The first monarch was Cyrus, founder of the empire. 2. Cambyses, the son of Cyrus. 3. Smerdis. 4. Darius, the son of Hystaspes, who reigned 521 years before Christ. Xerxes, who reigned 485 years before Christ. 6. Artaxerxes Longimanus, who reigned 464 years before Christ. 7. Xerxes the second. 8. Ochus, or Darius, called Nothus, 424 years before Christ, 9. Artaxerxes Mnemon, 405

5.

years before Christ. 10. Artaxerxes Ochus, 359 years before Christ. 11. Arses, 338 years before Christ. 12. Darius Co‹omannus, 336 years before Christ, who was defeated by Alexander the Great, and deprived of his kingdom and life about 331 years before Christ: the dominion of Persia after his death was translated to the Greeks.

The third monarchy was the Grecian. As Alexander, when he died, did not declare who should succeed him, there started up as many kings as there were commanders. At first they governed the provinces that were divided among them under the title of viceroys; but when the family of Alexander the Great was extinct, they took upon them the name of kings. Hence, in process of time, the whole empire of Alexander produced four distinct kingdoms, viz. 1. The Macedonian; the kings of which, after Alexander, were Antipater, Cassander, Demetrius, Polliorcetes, Seleucus Nicanor, Meleager, Antigonus Doson, Philip, and Perseus, under whom the Macedonian kingdom was reduced to the form of a Roman province. 2. The Asiatic kingdom, which upon the death of Alexander fell to Antigonas, comprehending that country now called Natolia, together with some other regions beyond Mount Tarus. From this kingdom proceeded two lesser ones, viz. that of Pergamus, whose last king, Attalus, appointed the Roman people to be his heir; and Pontus, reduced by the Romans into the form of a province, when they had subdued the last king Mithridates. 3. The Syrian, of whose twenty-two kings the most celebrated were, Seleucus Nicanor, founder of the kingdom; Antiochus Deus; Antiochus the Great; Antiochus Epiphanes; and Tigranes, who was conquered by the Romans under Pompey; and Syria reduced into the form of a Roman province. 4. The Egyptian, which was formed by the Greeks in Egypt, and flourished near 240 years under 12 kings, the principal of whom were Ptolemy Lagus, its founder; Ptolemy Philadelphus, founder of the Alexandrian library; and queen Cleopatra, who was overcome by Augustus, in consequence of which Egypt was added to the dominion of the Romans.

The fourth monarchy was the Roman, which lasted 244 years, from the building of the city until the time when the royal power was abrogated. The kings of Ronie were, Romulus, its founder; Numa Pompilius; Tullus Hostilius; Ancus Martius; Tarquinius Priscus; Servius Tullius; and Tarquin the Proud, who was banished, and with whom terminated the regal power.

There seems in reality no necessity to make the Medes, Persians, and Greeks succeed to the whole power of the Assyrians, to multiply the number of the monarchies. It was the same empire still; and the several changes that happened In it did not constitute different mo narchies. Thus the Roman empire was successively governed by princes of different nations, yet without any new monarchy being formed thereby. Rome, therefore, may be

said to have immediately succeeded Babylon in the empire of the world. See EMPIRE.

Of monarchies some are absolute and despotic, where the will of the monarch is uncontroulable: others are limited, where the prince's authority is restrained by laws, and part of the supreme power lodged in other hands, as in Britain. (See GOVERN MENT.) Some monarchies again are heredi tary, where the succession devolves immediately from father to sou; and others are elective, where, on the death of the monarch, his successor is appointed by election, as was formerly the case in Poland.

MONARCHY MEN (Fifth), in the ecclesiastical history of England, were a set of wrong-headed and turbulent enthusiasts who arose in the time of Cromwell, and who expected Christ's sudden appearance upon earth to establish a new kingdom; and acting in consequence of this illusion, aimed at the subversion of all human government.

MONARDA. American field-basil. In botany, a genus of the class diandria, order monogy ia. Corol unequal, upper lip linear, involving the filament; seeds four. Seven species; those chiefly cultivated are, 1. M. fistulosa. Purple monarda, with capitate, purple flowers. America.

2. M. oblongata. Long-leaved monarda, with ovate leaves a little tapering at the base. A native of Canada.

3. M. didyma. Scarlet monarda, which is the species chiefly valued, and by far the most oruamental of the whole. Root perennial; stems about two feet high, smooth, acute-angled; leaves ovate, glabrous, which when bruised emit a very grateful refreshing odour; flowers in whorls, and didynamous, of a bright red colour. They appear in July, and on a moist soil will continue till the middle or end of September. It is a native of America.

All these plants may be increased by parting the roots, and some of them by slips and cutting as well as seeds.

MONARDES (Nicholas), an excellent Spanish physician of Seville, who lived in the 16th century, and deservedly acquired great reputation by his practical skilljand the books which he wrote. His Spanish works have been translated into Latin by Clusius, into Italian by Annibal Brigantus, and those upon American drugs have appeared in English. He died about the year 1578.

MONAS, in zoology, a genus of the class vermes, order infusoria. Worm invisible to the naked eye, most simple, pellucid, resembling a point. Five species.

1. M. atomus. Whitish, with a variable point. Found in sea-water kept a long time; with a minute black dot, sometimes two, variable in position.

2. M. punctum. A solid opake black point. Found in fetid infusions of pears, moving in a slow wavering manner.

3. M. mica. Transparent, with an oral, moveable circle in the middle. Common in purer waters.

4. M. lens. Transparent, with sometimes a greenish margin. Found in all waters; a round pellucid dot, frequently in masses, without the least vestige of intestines.

5. M. termo. A most minute, simple gelatinous point; found in most animal and vegetable infusions: of all known animals the most minute and simple, being so extremely delicate and transparent as often to elude the most highly magnifying powers, blending, as it were, in the water in which it swims.

MONASTER, an ancient town of the kingdom of Tunis, seated near the sea, 70 miles S.E. of Tunis. Lon. 11. 6 E. Lat. 35. 50 N. MONASTERY, a convent, or house built for the reception of religious; whether it be abbey, priory, nunnery, or the like.

MONASTERY is only properly applied to the houses of monks, mendicant friars, and nuns. The rest are more properly called religious houses.

The houses belonging to the several religious orders which obtained in England and Wales were cathedrals, colleges, abbeys, priories, preceptories, commandries, hospitals, frieries, hermitages, chantries, and free chapels. These were under the direction and management of various officers. The dissolution of houses of this kind began so early as the year 1312, when the Templars were suppressed; and in 1323 their lands, churches, advowsons, and liberties, here in England, were given, by 17 Ed. II. stat. 3. to the prior and brethren of the hospital of St. John at Jerusalem. In the years 1390, 1437, 1441, 1459, 1497, 1505, 1508, and 1515, several others houses were dissolved, and their revenues settled on different colleges in Oxford and Cambridge. Soon after the last period, cardinal Wolsey, by licence of the king and pope, obtained a dissolution of above thirty religious houses for the founding and endow ing his colleges at Oxford and Ipswich. About the same time a bull was granted by the same pope to cardinal Wolsey, to suppress monasteries, where there were not above six monks, to the value of eight thousand ducats a year, for endowing Windsor, and King's College in Cambridge; and two other bulls were granted to cardinals Wolsey and Campeius, where there were less than twelve monks, and to annex them to the greater monasteries; and another bull to the same cardinals to enquire about abbeys, to be suppressed, in order to be made cathedrals. Although nothing appears to have been done in consequence of these bulls, the motive which induced Wolsey, and many others, to suppress these houses, was the desire of promoting learning; and archbishop Cranmer engaged in it with a view of carrying on the reformation. There were other causes that concurred to bring on their ruin: many of the religious were loose and vicious; the monks were generally thought to be, in their hearts, attached to the pope's supremacy; their revenues were not employed according to the intent of the donors; many cheats in images, feigned miracles, and counterfeit relics, had been discovered, which had brought the monks into disgrace; the Observant friars had op

posed the king's divorce from queen Catharine; and these circumstances operated, in concurrence with the king's want of a supply, and the people's desire to save their money, to forward a motion in parliament, that in order to support the king's state, and supply his wants, all the religious houses might be conferred upon the crown, which were not able to spend above 2001. a year; and an act was passed for that purpose, 27 Henry VIII. c. 28. By this act about three hundred and eighty houses were dissolved, and a revenue of 30 or 32,0001. a year came to the crown; besides about100,0004. in plate and jewels. The suppression of these houses occasioned discontent, and at length an open rebellion: when this was appeased, the king resolved to suppress all the rest of the monasteries, and appointed a new visitation; which caused the greater abbeys to be surrendered apace; and it was enacted by 3! Hen. VIII. c. 13. that all monasteries, &c. which have been surrendered since the fourth of February, in the twentyseventh year of his majesty's reign, and which hereafter shall be surrendered, shall be vested in the king. The knights of St. John of Jerusalem were also suppressed by the 32 Henry VIII. c. 24. The suppression of these greater houses by these two acts produced a revenue to the king of above 100,000l. a year, besides a large sum in plate and jewels. The last act of dissolution in this king's reign was the act of 37 Hen. VIII. c. 4. for dissolving colleges, free chapels, chantries &c. which act was farther enforced by 1 Edw. VI. c. 14. By this act were suppressed ninety colleges, a hundred and ten hospitals, and two thousand three hundred and seventy-four chantries and free chaples. The number of houses and places suppressed from first to last, so far as any calculations appear to have been made, seems to be follows: Of lesser monasteries, of which we have the valuation Of greater monasteries Belonging to the Hospitallers Colleges Hospitals

Chantries and free chapels

have}

374

186

48

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110

2374

Total 3182

Besides the friars houses, and those suppressed by Wolsey, and many small houses, of which we have no particular account.

The sum total of the clear yearly revenue of the several houses at the time of their dissolution, of which we have any account, seems to be as follows: s. d.

Of the greater monasteries
Of all those of the lesser mo-

nastries of which we have
the valuation
Knights Hospitallers head
house in London
We have the valuation of
only 28 of their houses in
the country

Friars houses, of which we have the valuation

104919 13 34

29702 1 101

2385 12 8

3026. 9 5

75 12 04

Total 140784 19 3

If proper allowances are made for the lesser monasteries, and houses not included in this estimate, and for the plate, &c. which came into the hands of the king by the dissolution, and for the value of money at that time, which was at least six times as much as at present; and also consider that the estimate of the lands was generally supposed to be much under the real worth, we must conclude their whole revenues to have been immense.

10,000

5347

It does not appear that any computation has been made of the number of persons contained in the religious houses. Those of the lesser monasteries dissolved by 27 Hen. VIII. were reckoned at about If we suppose the colleges and hospi-tals to have contained a proportionable number, these will inake about, If we reckon the number in the greater monasteries, according to the proportion of their revenues, they will be about 35,000; but as probably they had larger allowances in proportion to their number than those of the lesser monasteries, if we abate upon that account 5000, they will then be One for each chantry and free chapel

30,000

2374

Total 47,721

But as there were probably more than one person to officiate in several of the free chapels,

and there were other houses which are not

included within this calculation, perhaps they may be computed in one general estimate at about 50,000. As there were pensions paid to almost all those of the greater monasteries, the king did not immediately come into the full enjoyment of their whole revenues: however, by means of what he did receive, he founded six new bishoprics, viz. those of Westminster (which was changed by queen Elizabeth into a deanry, with twelve prebends, and a school), Peterborough, Chester, Gloucester, Bristol, and Oxford. And in eight other sces he founded deanries and chapters, by converting the priors and monks into deans and prebendaries, viz. Canterbury, Winchester, Durham, Worcester, Rochester, Norwich, Ely, and Carlisle. He founded also the colleges of Christ-church in Oxford, and Trinity, Cambridge, and finished King's college there. He likewise founded professorships of divinity, law, physic, and of the Hebrew and Greek tongues, in both the said universities. He gave the house of Grey Friars, and St. Bartholomew's hospital, to the city of London; and a perpetual pension to the poor knights of Windsor, and laid out great sums in building and fortifying many ports in the channel. It is observable, upon the whole, that the dissolution of these houses was an act, not of the church, but of the state; in the period preceding the reformation, by a king and parliament of the Roman catholic communion, in all points except the king's supremacy; to which the pope himself, by his bulls and li

cences,

had led the way.

See Tanner's Notitia Monastica; and for an abstract, Burn's Eccl. Law, art. Monasteries.

MONA'STICAL. MONA'STIC. a. (monasticus, Latin.) Religiously recluse; pertaining to a monk (Brown).

MONASTICALLY, ad. Reclusely; in the manner of a monk (Swift.)

MONAULOS. (Greek.) A kind of single flute, of higher antiquity than even the lyre, and said by some writers to have been invented in Egypt. The Egyptians called it Photins, or crooked flute: its shape was crooked, and something like that of a bull's horn.

MONCALLIER, a town of Piedmont, seated on the Po, five miles S.E. of Turin. Lon. 7. 48 E. Lat. 45. 2 N.

MONCALVO, a strong town of Italy, in Montferrat, seated on a mountain, 12 miles S.W. of Cassel. Lon. 7. 19 E. Lat. 45. 10 N. MONDAY. s. (from moon and day.) The second day of the week.

MONETARIUS, or MONEYER, a name which antiquaries and medalists give to those who struck the ancient coins or moneys. Many of the old Roman and other coins have the name of the monetarius, either written at length, or at least the initial letters of it. See MEDAL.

MONETIA, in botany, a genus of the class tetrandria, order monogynia; calyx fourcleft; petals four, linear; berry two-celled, with a single seed in each. One species only; prickly shrub of the East Indies, with spines in fours, and opposite leaves glabrous on both sides; flowers axillary and sessile.

a

MONEY, apiece of matter, commonly metal, to which public authority has affixed a certain value and weight to serve as a medium in commerce. See COIN, COMMERCE, and MEDALS.

Money is usually divided into real or effective, and imaginary or money of account.

I. REAL MONEY.

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been first coined; afterwards silver: and lastly For the matter, copper is that thought to have gold, as being the most beautiful, scarce, cleanly, divisible, and pure of all metals.

The degrees of goodness are expressed in gold by carats; and in silver by pennyweights, &c. For there are several reasons for not coining them pure and without alloy, viz. the great loss and expence in refining them, the necessity of hardening them to make them more durable, and the scarcity of gold and silver in most countries.

See ALLOY.

Among the ancient Britons, iron rings, or, as some say, iron plates, were used for money; with vinegar, that they might not serve for any ameng the Lacedemonians, iron bars quenched other use. Seneca observes, that there was anciently stamped money of leather, corium forma publica impressum. And the same thing was put in practice by Frederic II. at the siege of Milan;

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