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long, but went to France, where he wrote his treatise of Human Nature, which he published at London in 1738. This work, however, met with an indifferent reception; nor were his Moral Essays, which appeared in 1742, more successful. About this time he resided with the marquis of Annandale as a companion, but soon after he became secretary to general St. Clair, whom he attended to Vienna and Turin; and while he was abroad, his Enquiry concerning the Human Understanding was published in London. In 1752 appeared his Political Discourses, and his Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, the latter of which, in his opinion, was the best of his writings. In 1754 he published the first volume of a Portion of English History, from the Accession of James I. to the Revolution. This work had little success; but the second, which came out in 1756, met with a better fate, and helped to buoy up its unfortunate brother." About the same period he published his Natural History of Religion, which was smartly answered by Dr. Warburton in a pamphlet, which Mr. Hume attributed to Dr. Hurd. In 1759 appeared his History of the House of Tudor, and in 1761 the more ancient part of the English History. The work was now become celebrated, and the author pocketed by it a good deal of money; a consolation which made him insensible to the attacks of critics. In 1763 he accompanied the earl of Hertford on his embassy to Paris, and in 1765 was left there as chargé d'affaires. The year following he returned home, and soon afterwards became under secretary of state to Mr. Conway. In 1769 he retired into Scotland on an independent income, and died there in 1776. After his death appeared a work by him, entitled Dialogues concerning Natural Religion. Mr. Hume was master of a good style of composition, and had the art of stating common objections in a new form. His positions on religious points, however, are extremely fallacious, not to say frivolous. In the year 1776 was published a letter of Dr. Adam Smith's, giving an account of the death of Mr. Hume. The ob. ject of the author was to show that Mr. Hume, notwithstanding his sceptical principles, had died with the utmost composure, and that in his life as well as at his death he had conducted himself as became one of the wisest and best men that ever existed. The letter is very much laboured, and yet does no honour either to the author or his friend. It could not represent Mr. Hume as supporting himself under the gradual decay of nature with the hopes of a happy immortality; but it might have represented him as taking refuge, with other infidels, in the eternal sleep of death. This, though but a gloomy prospect, would not have been childish; but the hero of the tale is exhibited as talking like a school-boy of his conferences with Charon, and his reluctance to go into the Stygian ferry-boat, and as consoling himself

with the thought of leaving all his friends and his brother's family in particular, in great prosperity! The absurdities of this letter did not escape the watchful and penetrating eye of Dr. HORNE; and as he could not mistake its object, he held it up to the contempt and scorn of the religious world in A Letter to Adam Smith, LL.Ď. on the Life, Death, and Philosophy of his friend David Hume, Esq. by one of the people called Christians. The reasoning of this little tract is clear and conclusive, while its keen, though good humoured wit is inimitable; and it was, some years afterwards, followed by a series of Letters on Infidelity, composed on the same plan, and with much of the same spirit. This small volume, to the second edition of which the Letter to Dr. Smith was prefixed, is better calculated than almost any other with which we are acquainted, to guard the minds of youth against the insidious strokes of infidel ridicule, the only dangerous weapon which infidelity has to wield. An Account of the Life and Writings of Mr. Hume was published in 1807, in an 8vo. volume of 520 pages, by Mr. T. E. Ritchie. The biographer has taken care to record in his work Dr. Smith's account of Hume's " sportive disposition, notwithstanding the prospect of speedy dissolution," with the various sublime particulars of Charon and the ferry-boat. These have called forth some admirable strictures in the Eclectic Review, vol. 4. p. 15. in which the reader will find an unusual union of philosophic reasoning, applied in the most cogent manner, to this truly awful and remarkable exhibition. We regret much that the passage is too extensive for our narrow limits.

To HUME CT.

Lv. a. (humecto, LaTo HUME/CTATE. Štin; humecter, Fr.). To wet; to moisten (Wiseman). HUMECTATION. s. (humectation, Fr.). The act of wetting; moistening (Brown). HUMERAL. a. (from humerus, Latin) Belonging to the shoulder (Sharp).

HUMERAL ARTERY. Arteria humeralis. Brachial artery. In anatomy, the axillary artery having passed the tendon of the great pectoral muscle, changes its name to the brachial or humeral artery, which name it retains in its course down the arm to the bend, where it divides into the radial and ulnar artery. In this course it gives off several muscular branches, three of which only deserve attention. 1. The arteria profunda superior, which goes round the back of the arm to the exterior muscles, and is often named the upper muscular artery. 2. Another, like it, called arteria profunda inferior, or the lower muscular artery. 3. Ramus anastomoticus major, which anastomoses round the elbow with the branches of the ulnar artery.

HUMERUS, (humerus, i. m. from wμos, the shoulder.) Os humeri. Os brachii. In anatomy, a long cylindrical bone, situated between the scapula and fore-arm. Its upper extremity is formed somewhat laterally and in

ternally, into a large, round, and smooth head, which is admitted into the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Around the basis of this head is observed a circular fossa, deepest anteriorly and externally, which forms what is called the neck of the bone, and from the edge of which arises the capsular ligament, which is farther strengthened by a strong membra nous expansion, extending to the upper edge of the glenoid cavity, and to the coracoid process of the scapula; and likewise by the tendinous expansions of the muscles, inserted into the head of the humerus. This capsular ligament is sometimes torn in luxation, and becomes an obstacle to the easy reduction of the bone. The articulating surface of the head is covered by a cartilage, which is thick in its middle part, and thin towards its edges, by which means it is more convex in the recent subject than in the skeleton. This upper extremity, besides the round smooth head, affords two other smaller protuberances. One of these, which is the largest of the two, is of an irregular oblong shape, and is placed at the back of the head of the bone, from which it is separated by a kind of groove that makes a part of the neck. This tuberosity is divided, at its upper part, into three surfaces; the first of these, which is the smallest and uppermost, serves for the insertion of the supraspinatus muscle; the second, or middlemost, for the insertion of the infraspinatus; and the third, which is the lowest and hindmost, for the insertion of the teres minor. The other smaller tuberosity is situated anteriorly between the larger one and the head of the humerus, and serves for the insertion of the subscapularis muscle. Between these two tuberosities there is a deep groove, for lodging the tendinous head of the biceps brachii; the capsular ligament of the joint affording here a prolongation, thinner than the rest of the capsula, which covers and accompanies this muscle to its fleshy portion, where it gradually disappears in the adjacent cellular membrane. Immediately below its neck, the os humeri begins to assume a cylindrical shape, so that here the body of the bone may be said to commence. At its upper part is ob. served a continuation of the groove for the biceps, which extends downwards, about a fourth part of the length of the bone, in an oblique direction. The edges of this groove are continuations of the greater and lesser tuberosities, and serve for the attachment of the pectoralis, latissimus dorsi, and teres major muscles. The groove itself is lined with a glistening substance like cartilage, but which seems to be nothing more than the remains of tendinous fibres. A little lower down, towards the external and anterior side of the middle of the bone, it is seen rising into a rough ridge, for the insertion of the deltoid muscle. On each side of this ridge, the bone is smooth and flat, for the lodgment of the brachialis internus muscle; and behind the middle part of the outermost

side of the ridge is a channel, for the transmission of vessels into the substance of the bone. A little lower down, and near the inner side of the ridge, there is sometimes seen such another channel, which is intended for the same purpose. The os humeri, at its lower extremity, becomes gradually broader and flatter, so as to have this end nearly of a triangular shape. The bone, thus expanded, affords two surfaces, of which the anterior one is the broadest, and somewhat convex; and the posterior one narrower and smoother. The bone terminates in four large processes, the two outermost of which are called condyles, though not designed for the articulation of the bone. These condyles, which are placed at some distance from each other, on each side of the bone, are rough and irregular protuberances, formed for the insertion of muscles and ligaments, and differ from each other in size and shape. The external condyle, when the arm is in the most natural position, is found to be placed somewhat forwarder than the other. The internal condyle is longer, and more protuberant than the external. From each of these processes a ridge is continued upwards at the sides of the bone. In the interval between the two condyles are placed the two articulating processes, contiguous to each other, and covered with cartilage. One of these, which is the smallest, is formed into a small, obtuse, smooth head, on which the radius plays. This little head is placed near the external condyle, as a part of which it has been sometimes described. The other, and larger process, is composed of two lateral protuberances and a middle cavity, all of which are smooth and covered with cartilage. From the manner in which the ulna moves upon this process, it has got ten the name of trochlea, or pulley. The sides of this pulley are unequal; that which is towards the little head is the highest of the two; the other, which is contiguous to the external condyle, is more slanting, being situated obliquely from within outwards, so that when the fore-arm is full extended, it does not form a straight line with the os humeri, and, for the same reason, when we bend the elbow, the hand comes not to the shoulder as it might be expected to do, but to the fore part of the breast. There is a cavity at the root of these processes, on each of the two surfaces of the bone. The cavity on the anterior surface is divided by a ridge into two, the external of which receives the end of the radius, and the internal one lodges the coronoid process of the ulna in the flexions of the fore-arm. The cavity on the posterior surface, at the basis of the pulley, is much larger, and lodges the olecranon when the arm is extended. The internal structure of the os humeri is similar to that of other long bones. In new born infants, both the ends of the bone are cartilaginous, and the large head, with the two tubercles above, and condyles, with the two articulat

ing processes below, become epiphyses before they are entirely united to the rest of the bone.

HUMICUBATION. 8. (humi and cubo, Lat.) Lying on the ground (Bramhall). HUMID. a. (humide, French.) Wet; moist; watry (Newton).

HUMIDITY. 8. (humidité, French.) Moisture, or the power of wetting other bodies. It differs from fluidity, depending altogether on the congruity of the component particles of any liquor to the pores or surfaces of such particular bodies as it is capable of adhering to (Quincy).

HUMILIS, (Humilis, from humi, on the ground, so nanied because it turns the eve downwards, and is expressive of humility). See Rectus inferior oculi.

HUMILIATI, a congregation of religious in the church of Rome, established by some Milanese gentlemen on their release from prison, where they had been confined under the emperor Conrad, or, as others say, under Frederick I. in the year 1162. This order, which acquired great wealth, and had no less than 90 monasteries, was abolished by Pope Pius V. in 1570, and their houses given to the Dominicans and Cordeliers, for their luxury and cruelty.

HUMILIATION, 8. (French.) 1. Descent from greatness: act of humility. 2. Mortification: external expression of sin and unworthiness (Milton). 3. Abatement of pride (Swift).

HUMILITY, in ethics, is a virtue con. sisting in the moderate value which a person puts upon himself, and every thing relating to him. Or, more particularly, it consists in not attributing to ourselves any excel lence or good which we have not; in not over-rating any thing which we have or do; in not taking an immoderate delight in one's self; in not assuming more of the praise of a quality or action than belongs to us; and in a lowly sense and acknowledgement of our imperfections, errors, and sins. This virtue expresses itself in the modesty of our appearance, of our pursuits, and of our behaviour towards other men. It is distinguished from affectation, bashfulness, and

HUMORAL. a. (from humour.) Proceeding from the humours (Harvey).

HUMORIST. 8. (from humorista, Italian). 1. One who conducts himself by his own fancy; one who gratifies his own humour (Watts). 2. One who has odd conceits (Spectator). 3. One who has violent and peculiar passions (Bacon).

HUMOROUS. a. (from humour.) 1. Full of grotesque or odd images (Addison). 2. Capricious; irregular (Dryden). 3. Pleasant; jocular (Prior).

HUMOROUSLY. ad. 1. Merrily: jocosely (Swift). 2. Capriciously, whimsically (Calamy).

HUMOROUSNESS. s. (from humorous.) 1. Fickleness; capricious levity. 2. Jocularity; oddness of conceit.

HUMORSOME. a. (from humour.) 1. Peevish; petulant. 2. Odd; humorous. (Swift).

HU MORSOMELY. ad. Peevishly; petulantly.

HUMOUR. 8. (humor, Latin.) 1. Moisture (Ray). 2. The different kinds of mois. ture in man's body; phlegm, blood, choler, and melancholy. 3. General turn or temper of mind (Sidney). 4. Present disposition. (Dryden). 5. Grotesque imagery; jocularity; merriment (Temple). 6. Tendency to disease; morbid disposition (Temple). Petulance; peevishness (South). 8. A trick; a practice (Shakspeare). 9. Caprice; whim; predominant inclination (Bacon).

7.

1.

To HUMOUR. v. a. (from the noun) To gratify; to sooth by compliance (Shakspeare). 2. To fit; to comply with (Add).

HUMOURS of the eye. Anatomists and op ticians distinguish three particular humours of the eye; which they call the Aqueous, Crystalline, and Vitreous.

These three humours have each their share in the refraction of the rays of light necessary to vision.

Authors, both ancient and modern, speak of the regeneration of the humours of the eye; and give us instances of their reproduction, when, by an accident, they had been let out; but their instances, strictly considered, generally go no farther than to the aqueous and vitreous humours.

HUMP. 8. (corrupted perhaps from bump.) The protuberance formed by a crooked back (Tatler).

HUMPBACK. s. (hump and back.) Crooked back; high shoulders (Tatler).

HUMPBACKED. a. Having a crooked

back.

HUʼMULUS, (Humulus, from humus, the ground, so named, because without factitious support it creeps along the ground.) Hop: in botany a genus of the class dioecia, order hexandria. Male: calyx five-leaved; corolless; anthers with two pores at top. Female: calyx an oblique entire scale of the ament; corolless; chyles two: seed single, coated. One species only. H. Lupulus, which is found wild in the

hedges of our own country, as well as in other parts of Europe.

The hop now generally cultivated among us, however, is said to have been imported from the Netherlands, and that in the beginning of the sixteenth century: since which period it has progressively become, from its extensive growth and use, an object of such considerable traffic, as to have induced the legislature to have noticed it in a va riety of statutes, the earliest of which may be found in the 5th and 6th of Edward VI. cap. 5. From the frequency with which it is now cultivated in most of our counties, the hop will probably become in another half century a regular branch of georgics, or husbandry; but as this is by no means the case at present, the few observations and in. structions we can allow space for upon this subject we shall introduce into the present article.

The soil should be as rich as can well be obtained; deep and loamy, offering a due mixture between a wet spungy swamp and a stiff clay. If the subsoil be gravel or wet, it is esteemed preferable. Of the different sorts of hops, the grey and the white-bind are generally esteemed the best; they may be planted in October or March; the spring is usually preferred to the autumn. Prior to the planting, the hop-garden should be regularly laid out and carefully prepared. Having secured a good soil, the next object is, provide a sufficiency of air for every plant; and with this view, the hop-hills or elevations into which they are to be placed should be situated eight or nine feet asunder in every direction, the order of the rows being straight or checkerwise at the option of the grower. These hills should be raised by a due mixture of manure with the common soil of the hop-garden: new dung must never be employed if the hop is to be planted as soon as the bills are ready. The best method is to use old dung in the proportion of about one-third to two-thirds of the soil with which it is blended. Five good sets should be planted in every hill: one in the middle of the rest in a circular direction upon its slope: they should be pressed close with the hand, and covered with fine earth; and a stick should be placed on each side of

the hill to secure it.

in the form of tincture and extract, under which two modes it enters into the pharmaceutic preparations of the new pharmacopoeia of the London College. It is an excellent aromatic and tonic, and appears to have some good sedative properties.

HUMUS. Mould. In oryctology a genus of the class earths, order calcareous: consisting of carbonat of lime, a smaller proportion of cilex, hydrogen, and carbonic acid, gas, and oxyd of iron; formed by the decayed remains of animal and vegetable substances; light, friable, imbibing but not retaining water; meagre, rough, humid, of a dull colour; effervescing with nitric acid, becoming cinereous in a smaller heat; in a stronger, running into a frothy kind of glass. Ten species.

1. H. animalis. Animal mould. Impalpable, greedily imbibing water, hardly ef fervescing with nitre acid in its rude state, but sensibly so when burnt. Found in churchyards and other places abounding with putrid animal matter, white or cinereous, very light and fertile.

2. H. dædalea, common mould, brown, in a very subtile dust. Found in all inhabited places, principally originating from animal manure and depositions, so very fine as when mixed with water, to pass through a coarse cloth or filtering paper: affords the best and richest garden mould.

3. H. ruralis, vegetable mould. Black when moistened, cinereous when dry. Found in all places where there is decayed vegetable matter, especially in dry situations, and produces an excellent soil.

4. H. pauperata. Heath mould. Soon parting with its moisture, and when dry, becoming farinaceous. Found on heaths, and produces a poor soil; because its particles are so minute and impalpable, as in dry seasons to be blown about by the least breath of wind.

5. H. alpina. Brown with larger particles. Very common in alpine situations.

6. H. effervescens. Swelling after having absorbed and retained water some time. Common in spongy places, and perhaps originates from the rotten roots of plants; long in drying, and a bad soil for the farmer or gardener, because in the spring it intumesces by the frost at night and the heat by day, and lifts up and eradicates the smaller plants.

7. H. Lutum, very light, not combustible, black when moist. Found in swamps and marshes under water, and produced by the gradual corruption of bog-plants. It is serviceable in sandy soils.

8. H. martialis, coloured mould, with a martial tinge. Found in various parts of Britain, Sweden, Germany, and Syria, in swamps and marshes; yellowish brown, reddish, purplish, or black, coloured by containing oxyd of iron,

9. H. picea. Black, becoming solid as

it dries. Found in Scania, often in the culti vated lands, and requires a peculiar method of agriculture.

10. H. muriatica. Brown, of a saltish taste. Found in the deserts, on the confines of the Red Sea, Egypt and Syria.

To HUNCH. v. a. (husch, German.) 1. To strike or pinch with the fists. (Arbuth.). 2. (hocker, a crooked back, German.) To crook the back. (Dryden).

HUNCHBACKED. a. (hunch and back.) Having a crooked back. (Arbuthnot).

HUNDRED. a. (hund, hundred, Saxon.) The number consisting of ten multiplied by

ten.

HUNDRED. 8. A company, body, or collection consisting of a hundred. (Arbuthnot).

Deal boards are sold at six score to the hundred, called the long hundred. Pales and laths are counted at five score to the hundred, if five feet long; and six score, if three feet long.

HUNDRED, HUNDREDUM, or Centuria, a part or division of a country; which was anciently so called from its containing an hundred families, or from its furnishing an hundred able men for the king's wars. After king Alfred's dividing this kingdom into counties, and giving the government of each county to a sheriff, these counties were divided into hundreds, of which the constable was the chief officer. The grants of hundreds were at first made by the king to particular persons; but they are not now held by grant or prescription, their jurisdiction being devolved to the county-court; a few of them only excepted, that have been by privilege annexed to the crown, or granted to some great subjects, and still remain in the nature of a franchise.

HUNDRED Court. This is only a larger COURT-Baron, being held for all the inhabitants of a particular hundred instead of a manor. The free suitors are here also the judges, and the steward the register, as in the case of a court-baron, It is likewise a court of record; resembling the former in all points, except that in point of territory it is of a greater jurisdiction.

HUNDRED weight, an hundred and twelve pounds avoirdupois.

HUNDRETH. a. (hundreonreogoþa, Sax.) The ordinal of a hundred.

HUNDSRUCH, a district of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, situate between the Rhine, the Moselle, and the Nahe.

HUNG. The pret, and part. pass, of hang. HUNGARY, a kingdom of Europe, the greatest part of which was anciently called Pannonia. It had the name of Hungary from the Huns, a Scythian or Tartar nation, who subdued it in the ninth century. It lies between the 18th and 224 degrees of east long. and betwixt the 45th and 49th degrees of north lat. being bounded on the north by the Carpathian mountains, which separate it from Poland; to the south, by Savia, and the river Drave, which separates it from

Sclavonia; to the west, by Moravia, Austria, and Stiria; and to the east, by Wallachia and Transylvania. It is about 240 miles in length, and 235 in breadth; and is divided into the Upper and Lower Hungary, the former being that part which lies towards the east, and the latter that which lies towards the west. To these may be added the Bannat of Temeswar, incorporated into the kingdom of Hungary, in 1778. Hungary formerly included Transylvania, Sclavonia. Dalmatia, Servia, Wallachia. The principal rivers are the Danube, Sæave, Drave, Tresse, Maros, Raab, and Waag. The air is unhealthy, occasioned by the lakes and bogs. This country abounds in all the necessaries of life, and the wine, especially that called Tokay, is excellent. There are mines of gold, silver, copper, and iron; and they have such plenty of game, that hunting is allowed to all. The inhabitants are wellshaped, and brave; but haughty and revengeful. The population, including that of Transylvania, is estimated at nearly eight millions. The kingdom of Hungary can easily raise an army of 100,000 men. Their horsemen are called Huzzars, and their footmen Heydukes. The government is hereditary in the house of Austria. No country is better supplied with mineral waters and baths; and those of Buda, when the Turks were in possession of it, were reckoned the finest in Europe. Presburg is the capital of Upper Hungary; and Buda of the Lower. There are five languages spoken in this country, viz. the Hungarian, which, like the people, is of Scythian origin, and has little or no affinity with any European tongue; the German, Sclavonian, Wallachian, and Latin. The last is spoken, not only by the better sort, but also by the common people, though very corruptly. The people called Zigduns have also a particular jargon. Christianity was planted in Hungary in the ninth and tenth centuries. In the sixteenth the reformation made a great progress in it; but at present, though the Roman catholics hardly make a fourth part of the inhabitants, their religion is predominant, the Protestants enjoying only a bare toleration. Besides several sects of Protestants, here are also great numbers of the Greek church and Jews; the last pay double taxes of all kinds. Besides Jesuits' colleges and other convents, there are several universities of the Roman Catholics. The Lutherans also and Calvanists have their gymnasiums and schools, but under divers restrictions.

HUNGARY-WATER, is spirit of wine distilled upon rosemary, and which therefore contains its only and strong-scented essence (see PHARMACY). To be really good says Professor Beckmann, the spirit of wine ought to be very strong, and the rosemary fresh; and if that be the case, the leaves are as proper as the flowers, which, according to the prescription of some, should only be taken. It is likewise necessary that the spirit