The atmospheric environment : effects of human activity

Introduction. Problems of Global Scale: The Ozone Layer and Climate Change ; Problems of Regional and Local Scale ; Roadmap of the Book

Basic Physical Concepts. Length, Time, and Mass ; Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration ; Force ; Vectors ; Work and Energy ; Temperature ; Escape Velocity ; Pressure ; The Perfect Gas Law ; Angular Momentum ; More on Circular Motion ; Summary

Basic Chemical Concepts. Atoms and Molecules ; Chemical Bonds ; Acids and Bases; Energy on the Molecular Level ; The Energetics of Reactions ; Summary

Properties of Water. Molecular Perspective ; Phase Diagrams ; Measuring the Abundance of H₂O in the Atmosphere

Atmospheric History and Composition. Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Earth as a Planet ; The Early Evolution of Life on Earth and Its Atmospheric Consequences ; Perspectives on the Changes in Composition Associated with Human Activity

Energy Budget of the Atmosphere. Electromagnetic Radiation ; Solar Radiation ; Terrestrial Radiation ; Global Energy Balance ; Layer Model for the Atmosphere ; Summary

Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere. The Barometric Law ; Layers of the Atmosphere ; Adiabatic Motion in the Vertical ; Vertical Motion ; Condensation, Clouds, and Precipitation ; Models for the Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere ; Radiative Balance as a Function of Latitude ; Modeling the Changing Climate

Horizontal Motion of the Atmosphere. The Land-Sea Breeze Problem ; Hadley's Model for the General Circulation ; Angular Momentum and the West-East Coriolis Force ; Centrifugal Force and the North-South Component of the Coriolis Force ; Hadley's Circulation Revisited ; The Concept of Geostrophy ; Effects of Friction ; Further Perspectives on the General Circulation ; Transport by Eddies

; The Angular Momentum Budget of the Atmosphere ; The Origin of Eddies ; Summary

Dynamics of the Ocean. Surface Currents ; Vertical Structure of the Ocean and the Formation of Deep Water ; Vertical Motions ; Summary

Climate through the Ages. The Past 150 Years ; The Past 20,000 Years ; The Past 3 Million Years ; The Past 130 Million Years ; From Earliest Times to the Cretaceous ; Summary

The Carbon Cycle. Carbon Cycle ; The Capacity of the Ocean as a Sink for Industrial CO₂ ; The Contemporary Budget of Atmospheric CO₂ ; Projections for the Future ; Summary

Cycles of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur. The Nitrogen Cycle and the Budget of N₂O ; The Phosphorus Cycle ; The Sulfur Cycle ; Summary

Stratospheric Ozone (I): Chapman's Formulation for the Chemistry of an Oxygen-Nitrogen Atmosphere. Chapman's Treatment for the Photochemistry of an Oxygen-Nitrogen Atmosphere ; Evaluation of Rates for Photolytic Processes ; The Concept of Odd Oxygen and the Evaluation of Lifetimes for Chemical Species; Summary

Stratospheric Ozone (II): The Role of Radicals. The Chemistry of an Oxygen-Nitrogen-Hydrogen Atmosphere ; The Chemistry of Chlorine ; The Chemistry of Bromine; Summary

Stratospheric Ozone (III): Influence of Heterogeneous Chemistry. The Role of Polar Stratospheric Clouds ; The Chemistry of the Arctic Stratosphere The Role of Heterogeneous Chemistry at Mid- and Low Latitudes ; Summary

Stratospheric Ozone (IV): Influence of Dynamics. Stratospheric Dynamics ; The Distribution of Ozone with Latitude; Summary

The Chemistry of the Troposphere. The Chemistry of Tropospheric OH ; The Chemistry of CO The Chemistry of CH₄ The Chemistry of Smog ; The Global Distribution of Tropospheric OH and the Oxidative Capacity of the Atmosphere ; The Budget of Tropospheric Ozone ; The Budget of Atmospheric Methane; Summary

The Chemistry of Precipitation. The Solubility of Atmospheric Gases in the Liquid Phase ; The pH of Atmospheric Water in Equilibrium with CO₂ ; The Contribution of Nitrogen Oxides to the Acidity of Atmospheric Water ; Contribution of Sulfur to the Acidity of Atmospheric Water ; Neutralization of the Acidity of Atmospheric Water in the Presence of Ammonia ; Observations of the Chemistry of Precipitation ; Summary

Prospects for Climate Change. The Challenge for Models ; Results from the Hadley Centre Model ; Summary

Policy Responses to Climate Change. The Kyoto Protocol ; Prospects for Enhancement of the Protocol ; Concluding Remarks