Knowledge representation : logical, philosophical, and computational foundations
Sowa integrates logic, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science into this study of knowledge and its various models and implementations. His definitive new book shows how techniques of artificial intelligence, database design, and object-oriented programming help make knowledge explicit in a form that computer systems can use. The first three chapters are devoted to logic, ontology, and computable models of reality. Remaining chapters apply theories to the analysis of problems stated in ordinary language, and their translation to computable form. The text is self-contained, with each new idea defined when first mentioned; all formalism is developed in the body of the text or summarized in an appendix. KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION is appropriate for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in computer science, as well as philosophy and linguistics students with some background in artificial intelligence or programming. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PREFACE. 1. LOGIC. Historical Background ; Representing Knowledge in Logic ; Varieties in Logic ; N ames, Types, and Measures ; Unity Amidst Diversity ; 2. ONTOLOGY. Ontological Categories ; Philosophical Background ; Top-Level Categories ; Descr ibing Abstractions ; Sets, Collections, Types, and Categories ; Space and Time ; 3. KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION ; Knowledge Engineering ; Representing Structure in Frames ; Rules and Data ; Obje ct-Oriented Systems ; Natural Language Semantics ; Levels of Representation ; 4. PROCESSES ; Times, Events, and Situations ; Classification of Processes ; Procedures, Proces ses, and Histories ; Concurrent Processes ; Computation ; Constraint Satisfaction ; Change ; 5. PURPOSES, CONTEXTS, AND AGENTS. Purpose ; Syntax of Contexts ; Semantics of Contexts ; First-Order Reasoning in Contexts ; Modal Reasoning in Contexts ; Encapsulating Objects in Contexts ; Age nts ; 6. KNOWLEDGE SOUP. Vagueness, Uncertainty, Randomness, and Ignorance ; Limitations of Logic ; Fuzzy Logic ; Nonmonotonic Logic ; Theories, Models, and the World ; Semiotics ; 7. KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION AND SHARING ; Sharing Ontologies ; Conceptual Schema ; Accommodating Multiple Paradigms ; Rela ting Different Knowledge Representations ; Language Patterns ; Tools for Knowled ge Acquisition ; APPENDIXES ; APPENDIX A: SUMMARY OF NOTATIONS ; Predicate Calcu lus ; Conceptual Graphs ; Knowledge Interchange Format. APPENDIX B: SAMPLE ONTO LOGY ; Principles of Ontology ; Top-Level Categories ; Role and Relation Types ; Thematic Roles ; Placement of the Thematic Roles ; APPENDIX C: EXTENDED EXAMPLE ; Hotel Reservation System ; Library Database ; ACE Vocabulary ; Translating AC E to Logic ; ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES ; BIBLIOGRAPHY ; NAME INDEX ; SUBJECT INDEX ; SPECIAL SYMBOLS
XIV, 594 p. : il. ; 25 cm
9780534949655, 0534949657
642249276
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